Whole crop biofuel production (wcbp)

ABSTRACT

A computerized method of using a data processor having a memory to account for carbon flows and determine a regulatory value for a biofuel can include (i) storing, in memory, a first set of one or more carbon flow values characterizing the production and use of a biofuel derived from a first fraction of an agricultural biomass, (ii) storing, in memory, a second set of one or more carbon flow values characterizing the production and use of a co-product from a second fraction of the agricultural biomass, wherein the second fraction comprises an agricultural residue and wherein the co-product mitigates anthropogenic greenhouse gas emission, and (iii) calculating, using the data processor, a regulatory value for the biofuel from the first and second sets of carbon flow values.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims benefit of priority to U.S. Ser. No. 13/192,173,filed on Jul. 27, 2011 which claims benefit of priority to U.S. Ser. No.61/477,860, filed on Apr. 21, 2011, the disclosure of which isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE TECHNOLOGY

The invention relates generally to biofuel production. The inventionrelates more particularly to methods of accounting for carbon flows anddetermining a regulatory value for a biofuel, methods of engineeringcarbon cycles for biofuel production, and methods of manufacturingbiofuels, as well as the biofuels and regulatory values derivedtherefrom.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Carbon intensity (CI) is a fuel characteristic that is increasinglybeing measured and regulated in various jurisdictions within the U.S.and abroad (e.g., U.S. RFS2; LCFS in CA, BC, WA, OR, NEMA; EU-RED;UK-RTFO). CI can be used as a measure of net greenhouse gas emissionsfrom across the fuel life cycle generally evaluated using lifecycleanalysis (LCA) methods and specified per unit fuel energy, e.g., inunits of gram CO2 equivalent emissions per mega-joule of fuel(gCO2e/MJ). For biofuels, carbon intensity measures can includeemissions from sources associated with supplying inputs for agriculturalproduction (e.g., fertilizers), fuel combustion, and certain or allprocess steps in between, which may be used to define a fuel productionpathway, or simply a fuel pathway. LCA of carbon intensity can be set upas an accounting system with emissions to the atmosphere (e.g.,combustion emissions) representing emissions accounting debits and flowsfrom the atmosphere (e.g., carbon fixed from the atmosphere viaphotosynthesis) representing emissions accounting credits. The signconvention can be reversed relative to financial accounting, but this ishow the terms are often used in practice.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

LCA methods can be used to assess a variety of social and environmentalperformance characteristics of biofuels, which can collectively bereferred to using the term sustainability. Biofuel sustainabilitycharacteristics or sustainability performance can be reflected withinbiofuel and related policy instruments (e.g., as a quantitative valueassociated with, or characterizing, the biofuel, as well as relatedstandards), to provide a framework for avoiding potential negativeconsequences of expanding biofuel production.

The effects of using co-products from biofuel production can bereflected in evaluations of biofuel performance against sustainabilitymetrics in methods similar to those used for carbon intensity measures.In other words, LCA can reflect emissions credits and debits accruedacross the whole fuel production pathway or supply chain, includingemissions effects of biomass carbon not converted into biofuels. Thiscan be accomplished by providing a lifecycle emissions accounting creditto the product of interest (e.g., biofuel product) based on allocationof a fraction of lifecycle emissions (generally emissions associatedwith processes upstream of the material diversion for co-product use) tothe various products (according to so called “allocation” accountingmethodologies) or by providing lifecycle emissions accounting credits(or debits) for net emissions reductions (or increases) associated withuse of the various co-products/by-products relative to use of moreconventional products (according to so called “system expansion”accounting methodology).

So called first generation biofuels, which dominate the portfolio ofcurrently available biofuels, are generally produced from starch, sugar,or lipid-rich portions of plants, such as oil seeds (e.g., canola),legumes (e.g., soybeans), cereal grains (e.g., corn or wheat), sugarcane, and other similar plant matter (e.g., sorghum, sugar beet, and thelike). Strategies for reducing the carbon intensity and improving thesustainability performance of such biofuels, including efforts to reduceagricultural inputs to production, use low carbon resources to supplyenergy required to convert biomass feedstock into biofuel, employ supplychain optimization to reduce emissions from feedstock and producttransport, and integrate multiple co-products in converting biomassfeedstock to biofuels would be advantageous.

Because first generation biofuel production systems are only capable ofconverting starch, sugar, or lipid rich portions of crop biomass (e.g.,corn kernels, soybeans, canola seeds, etc.) into biofuels, theyinherently involve production of substantial quantities of agriculturalresidues (e.g., stalks, stems, leaves, corn cobs, husks, shells, etc.).Agricultural residues can be a potential energy, chemical, and carbonresource. While substantial quantities of these resources are producedwithin first generation biofuel supply chains, strategies to reduce thecarbon intensity of first generation biofuels do not include utilizationof these agricultural residues (e.g., by mitigating anthropogenicgreenhouse gas emissions and coupling the mitigation to a biofuel,thereby producing a biofuel having a more favorable regulatory value).Instead, these agricultural residues are typically included in LCAmeasures of biofuel carbon intensity with the assumption that theircarbon is emitted back to the atmosphere in the form of CO2 (balancing aportion of atmospheric carbon fixed via photosynthesis during cropproduction). As such, the carbon value—as well as potential energy orchemical values—of these resources is not realized in first generationbiofuel production systems or associated LCAs.

Certain first generation-type biofuel production processes can becombined with agricultural residue use, for example, to supply energy tothe feedstock to biofuel conversion process. For example, a firstgeneration-type biofuel production process could use biomass (alone orin combinations with other energy sources) to supply heat and/or powerfor biofuel production. However, agricultural residue from biofuelfeedstock production is not generally used for such purposes because theopportunities for such integration would be necessarily limited byquantities and feedstock characteristics of the agricultural residues,the operational requirements of the conversion system, and byrequirements to transport both the biofuel feedstock and theagricultural residue to the biofuel production facility, which can becompromised by characteristics of the agricultural residues (e.g., lowbulk and energy densities). Rather, alternate biomass resources can beapplied for this purpose with potentially simpler logistics requirementsand superior technical performance (e.g., burning woody biomass oragricultural residues supplied from locations closer to the biofuelplant). In contract, the invention provides methods for mitigatinganthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and coupling the mitigation to abiofuel, thereby producing a biofuel having a more favorable regulatoryvalue than first generation-type biofuels.

Numerous technologies exist independently, and more are being researchedand developed, for using agricultural residues to produce energyproducts, chemicals, plastics, soil amendments, and/or to sequesterbiomass carbon away from the atmosphere for timescales relevant foradvancing climate policy objectives. Such technologies have thepotential to enable agricultural residues to displace conventionalfossil hydrocarbon products (e.g., produced using fossil fuels or fossilhydrocarbon feedstock), generate emissions offsets, or otherwisegenerate emissions credits or other sustainability benefits withinlifecycle accounting frameworks and/or within certain regulatoryframeworks. The invention provides for the integration of systemscapable of utilizing agricultural residues resulting as a consequence offirst generation biofuel feedstock production, thereby enabling theproduction of biofuels with substantially lower carbon intensities dueto the effective utilization of the whole crop. This integration is afeature of the invention, which is termed here as Whole Crop BiofuelProduction (“WCBP”).

Agricultural residues have been separately evaluated, along withdedicated energy crops (e.g., switchgrass, miscanthus, poplar, and thelike), as a feedstock for so called cellulosic (AKA second generation orligno-cellulosic) biofuel production. LCA carbon intensity measures forcellulosic biofuels benefit from several characteristics of theirproduction systems. One benefit, which contrasts with existing firstgeneration biofuel production systems, is that the production processinvolves processing the feedstock biomass in its entirety—there iseffectively no agricultural residue (or agricultural residues from otherproduction systems are used as feedstock for biofuel production). Thisis a substantial benefit because it enables all of the photosyntheticactivity associated with feedstock production to be leveraged in thebiofuel production system, as opposed to only the portion associatedwith sugar, starch, or lipid rich biomass used in first generationbiofuel production systems.

While cellulosic production systems can process the whole biomass, onlya certain fractions of it (e.g., the cellulosic and hemi-cellulosicfractions in fermentation based systems) can be converted to biofuel.The balance (e.g., composed of lignin biomass fractions and residuesfrom fermentation) can be burned to provide process heat and power. Suchheat and power can exceed facility process requirements and the excesscan be exported to the local power grid. LCA measures of carbonintensity therefore can include an LCA emissions accounting credit(e.g., carbon credit) for electricity exports as a co-product of biofuelproduction (e.g., cellulosic biofuel production). WCBP also provides forthe analogous utilization of biomass fractions not suitable forconversion to biofuel produced in first generation production systems(e.g., agricultural residues) within the context of LCAs and/or carbonintensity measures.

For the purpose of measuring lifecycle carbon intensity there isgenerally no difference between co-products produced in the biofuelconversion process (e.g., electricity exports from lignin combustion incellulosic biofuel conversion processes) and those produced at otherpoints in the supply chain (e.g., electricity exports from combustion ofagricultural residues produced as a consequence of first generationbiofuel feedstock production). Similar LCA emissions accounting creditsshould be assigned to both. (e.g., accounting credits should be equal ona per kilowatt hour basis, but should also reflect relative quantitiesof electricity produced per unit of biofuel and potentially differentgreenhouse gas emissions associated with electricity displaced indifferent locations.) As a practical matter, however, production of suchco-products can involve different processes, technologies, supplychains, and management systems.

The potential for utilization of agricultural residues produced as aconsequence of first generation biofuel feedstock production to provideLCA emissions accounting credits in biofuel carbon intensitycalculations and improve biofuel sustainability performance has notpreviously been recognized. As such, production systems that leveragethis potential to maximize the value of the whole crop in biofuelproduction—including fuel, co-product, carbon, and sustainabilityperformance—have not been disclosed, proposed, or developed. In variousaspects and embodiments, the invention includes such production systemsand methods, as well as the resulting biofuels (and co-products) havingreduced carbon intensity and improved sustainability performance.

In one aspect, the invention provides a computerized method of using adata processor having a memory to account for carbon flows and determinea regulatory value for a biofuel. The method includes (i) storing, inmemory, a first set of one or more carbon flow values characterizing theproduction and use of a biofuel derived from a first fraction of anagricultural biomass; (ii) storing, in memory, a second set of one ormore carbon flow values characterizing the production and use of aco-product from a second fraction of the agricultural biomass, whereinthe second fraction comprises an agricultural residue and wherein theco-product mitigates anthropogenic greenhouse gas emission; and (iii)calculating, using the data processor, a regulatory value for thebiofuel from the first and second sets of carbon flow values.

In another aspect, the invention provides a method of engineering acarbon cycle for biofuel production and use. The method includesarranging the production of a biofuel from a first fraction of anagricultural biomass and the production of co-product from a secondfraction of the agricultural biomass, wherein the second fractioncomprises an agricultural residue, thereby mitigating anthropogenicgreenhouse gas emission. The method also includes assigning a regulatoryvalue to the biofuel from a first set of one or more carbon intensityvalues characterizing the production and use of the biofuel, and asecond set of one or more carbon intensity value characterizing theproduction and use of the co-product.

In yet another aspect, the invention provides a method of manufacturinga biofuel. The method includes producing a biofuel from a first fractionof an agricultural biomass and producing a co-product from a secondfraction of the agricultural biomass, wherein the second fractioncomprises an agricultural residue and wherein the co-product mitigatesanthropogenic greenhouse gas emission. The method also includesassigning the biofuel a regulatory value based upon a first set of oneor more carbon intensity values characterizing the production and use ofthe biofuel and a second set of one or more carbon intensity valuecharacterizing the production and use of the co-product.

In still another aspect, the invention provides a computerized method ofusing a data processor having a memory to account for carbon flows anddetermine a regulatory value for a biofuel. The method includes (i)storing, in memory, a first set of one or more carbon flow valuescharacterizing the production and use of a biofuel derived from a firstfraction of an agricultural biomass, (ii) storing, in memory, a secondset of one or more carbon flow values characterizing the production anduse of a co-product from a second fraction of the agricultural biomass,wherein the second fraction comprises an agricultural residue andwherein the co-product mitigates anthropogenic greenhouse gas emission,(iii) calculating, using the data processor, a regulatory value for thebiofuel from the first and second sets of carbon flow values, and (iv)trading the biofuel having the regulatory value, a tradable creditgenerated as a function of the regulatory value, or both the biofuel andthe tradable credit. The co-product displaces a fossil hydrocarbonproduct, thereby preventing carbon from a fossil hydrocarbon productfrom flowing to the atmosphere.

In still another aspect, the invention provides a method of engineeringa carbon cycle for biofuel production and use. The method includes (i)arranging the production of a biofuel from a first fraction of anagricultural biomass and the production of co-product from a secondfraction of the agricultural biomass, wherein the second fractioncomprises an agricultural residue, thereby mitigating anthropogenicgreenhouse gas emission, (ii) assigning a regulatory value to thebiofuel from a first set of one or more carbon intensity valuescharacterizing the production and use of the biofuel, and a second setof one or more carbon intensity value characterizing the production anduse of the co-product, and (iii) trading the biofuel having theregulatory value, a tradable credit generated as a function of theregulatory value, or both the biofuel and the tradable credit. Theco-product displaces a fossil hydrocarbon product, thereby preventingcarbon from a fossil hydrocarbon product from flowing to the atmosphere.

In still another aspect, the invention provides a method ofmanufacturing a biofuel. The method includes (i) producing a biofuelfrom a first fraction of an agricultural biomass, (ii) producing aco-product from a second fraction of the agricultural biomass, whereinthe second fraction comprises an agricultural residue and wherein theco-product mitigates anthropogenic greenhouse gas emission, (iii)assigning the biofuel a regulatory value based upon a first set of oneor more carbon intensity values characterizing the production and use ofthe biofuel and a second set of one or more carbon intensity valuecharacterizing the production and use of the co-product, and (iv)trading the biofuel having the regulatory value, a tradable creditgenerated as a function of the regulatory value, or both the biofuel andthe tradable credit. The co-product displaces a fossil hydrocarbonproduct, thereby preventing carbon from a fossil hydrocarbon productfrom flowing to the atmosphere.

In still another aspect, the invention provides a method including (i)receiving a biofuel feedstock produced from a first fraction of anagricultural biomass, wherein the biofuel feedstock has an associatedco-product produced from a second fraction of the agricultural biomasscomprising an agricultural residue and wherein the co-product mitigatesanthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and (ii) producing a low carbonfuel derived from the biofuel feedstock, wherein the low-carbon fuelcomprises a transportation fuel having a LCA emissions accounting creditbased at least in part on a fuel pathway comprising the production ofsaid co-product.

In still another aspect, the invention provides a method including (i)receiving a biofuel produced from a first fraction of an agriculturalbiomass, wherein the biofuel has an associated co-product produced froma second fraction of the agricultural biomass comprising an agriculturalresidue and wherein the co-product mitigates anthropogenic greenhousegas emissions and (ii) providing the biofuel as a low carbon biofuel,wherein the low-carbon biofuel comprises a transportation fuel having aLCA emissions accounting credit based at least in part on a fuel pathwaycomprising the production of said co-product.

In still another aspect, the invention provides a method of processingbiomass produced within a biofuel supply chain, but not converted into abiofuel, to reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, such thatresulting reductions in anthropogenic greenhouse emissions can beassigned to the biofuel supply chain or biofuel produced in the biofuelsupply chain.

In still another aspect, the invention provides a method of providing abiofuel having a reduced carbon intensity value by (i) purchasing abiofuel produced from a first fraction of biomass, wherein the biofuelhas an associated co-product produced from a second fraction of theagricultural biomass comprising an agricultural residue and wherein theco-product mitigates anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, (ii)assigning a carbon intensity value that reflects a LCA emissionsaccounting credit for mitigating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions,and (iii) selling at least one of the biofuel and a tradable creditdefined as a function of the carbon intensity value.

In still another aspect, the invention provides a method of providing abiofuel having a reduced carbon intensity value by (i) purchasingfeedstock for biofuel production that represents a first fraction of anagricultural biomass, wherein the biofuel has an associated co-productproduced from a second fraction of the agricultural biomass comprisingan agricultural residue and wherein the co-product mitigatesanthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, (ii) assigning a carbonintensity value that reflects a LCA emissions accounting credit formitigating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, and (iii) and sellingat least one of the biofuel and tradable credit defined as a function ofthe carbon intensity value.

In still another aspect, the invention provides for biofuels,co-products, and/or tradable credits produced according to any of themethods of the invention.

In various embodiments, the co-product includes one or more ofelectricity, heat, and power. Producing the co-product can includeproducing electricity from a combination of second fraction and coal.The co-product can include one or more of a cellulosic biofuel, solidbiofuel, bio-char, bio-chemical, bio-plastic, building material,construction material, paper pulp, animal feed, and soil amendment.

In some embodiments, the co-product prevents carbon from the secondfraction from flowing to the atmosphere.

In certain embodiments, the co-product is a substitute for a fossilhydrocarbon product, thereby preventing carbon from a fossil hydrocarbonproduct from flowing to the atmosphere.

In various embodiments, the method includes trading the biofuel havingthe regulatory value, a tradable credit generated as a function of theregulatory value, or both the biofuel and the tradable credit. A methodcan include completing a transaction to sell a low carbon fuel to atransportation fuel provider.

In some embodiments, the greenhouse gas emission comprises carbonemission. In general, greenhouse gas can include any one or more gassesthat in the atmosphere absorbs and emits radiation within the thermalinfrared range. Greenhouse gas emission can include, for example, theemission of any one or more of: carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide,and ozone.

It is understood by those skilled in the art that the various aspectsand features described herein can be adapted and combined with thevarious embodiments of the invention. The advantages of the technologydescribed above, together with further advantages, may be betterunderstood by referring to the following description taken inconjunction with the accompanying drawings. The drawings are notnecessarily to scale, emphasis instead generally being placed uponillustrating the principles of the technology.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A shows an example biofuel production process schematic and FIG.1B shows an example WCBP process schematic.

FIGS. 2A and 2B show examples of biofuel production and FIG. 2C shows anexample WCBP, in the context of corn and corn ethanol.

FIG. 3A-D shows biogenic carbon flows in different examples of theproduction and use of corn ethanol.

FIGS. 4A and 4B shows example process schematics for lifecycle emissionsaccounting.

The invention will now be described in detail with respect to thepreferred embodiments and the best mode in which to make and use theinvention. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the embodimentsdescribed are capable of being modified and altered without departingfrom the teachings herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention, including WCBP, provides methods of accounting for carbonflows and determining a regulatory value for a biofuel, method ofengineering carbon cycles for biofuel production, and methods ofmanufacturing biofuels, as well as the biofuels and regulatory valuesderived therefrom. For example, the invention includes integratedsystems, processes, and methodologies for producing biofuels, includingfirst generation biofuels, with substantially reduced net greenhouse gasemissions and carbon intensities and substantially improvedsustainability performance (e.g., relative to conventional biofuels). Invarious embodiments, WCBP can include various combinations of fourgeneral components: (i) agricultural production; (ii) biofuelproduction; (iii) agricultural residue utilization; and (iv) greenhousegas accounting and/or sustainability assessment, in which utilization ofa fraction of the biomass (e.g., agricultural residue) provides LCAemissions accounting credits and/or sustainability benefits to beassociated with the biofuel product. These components can beinterrelated and/or integrated (e.g., in a single supply/productionchain).

FIG. 1A shows an example biofuel production process schematic and FIG.1B shows an example WCBP process schematic. In FIG. 1A, agriculturalproduction produces a biofuel feedstock, which is then processed in abiofuel production system. In general, biofuel production results in abiofuel and data that can be assessed for CI and/or sustainabilitymeasures. The data can include agricultural production data that can beassessed for CI and sustainability measures. For example, the data cancome only from biofuel production (with predefined values and/orassumptions regarding agricultural production and fuel use), or can comefrom the biofuel production, agricultural production, and fuel use.These measures can be used to define credits or debits, includingtradable credits under certain regulatory frameworks. Note that tradablecredits can be distinct from LCA accounting credits in their ability tobe explicitly traded (e.g., bought and sold) under certain regulatoryframeworks. The combination of these measures, or tradable credits ordebits associated with these measures, and the biofuel can be traded asa biofuel product. In some cases, the biofuel and tradable credits, inwhole or in part, can be traded separately. In a conventional system,biofuel co-products are generally limited to biofuel processingco-products (e.g., ethanol from the fermentation of corn kernels andanimal feed from the corn kernel fermentation waste). In the illustratedembodiment, the WCBP process schematic FIG. 1B further showsagricultural residues being processed in an agricultural residueutilization system. The utilization of agricultural co-products producesagricultural residue derived co-products and co-product data that canalso be assessed for CI and/or sustainability measures. Accordingly, theWCBP biofuel product can have a reduced carbon intensity and/or improvedsustainability measure relative to the conventional process (e.g., evengive the same agricultural production input and biofuel productionsystem).

In one aspect, the invention provides a computerized method of using adata processor having a memory to account for carbon flows and determinea regulatory value for a biofuel. The data processor can be essentiallyany device, including a personal computer, an electronic device such asa smartphone or tablet, a customized or purpose-built machine, and thelike. The method includes storing, in memory, a first set of one or morecarbon flow values characterizing the production and use of a biofuelderived from a first fraction of an agricultural biomass. The methodalso includes storing, in memory, a second set of one or more carbonflow values characterizing the production and use of a co-product from asecond fraction of the agricultural biomass, wherein the second fractioncomprises an agricultural residue and wherein the co-product mitigatesanthropogenic greenhouse gas emission. Additionally, the method includescalculating, using the data processor, a regulatory value for thebiofuel from the first and second sets of carbon flow values.

In another aspect, the invention provides a method of engineering acarbon cycle for biofuel production and use. The method includesarranging the production of a biofuel from a first fraction of anagricultural biomass and the production of co-product from a secondfraction of the agricultural biomass, wherein the second fractioncomprises an agricultural residue, thereby mitigating anthropogenicgreenhouse gas emission. The method also includes assigning a regulatoryvalue to the biofuel from a first set of one or more carbon intensityvalues characterizing the production and use of the biofuel, and asecond set of one or more carbon intensity value characterizing theproduction and use of the co-product.

In yet another aspect, the invention provides a method of manufacturinga biofuel. The method includes producing a biofuel from a first fractionof an agricultural biomass and producing a co-product from a secondfraction of the agricultural biomass, wherein the second fractioncomprises an agricultural residue and wherein the co-product mitigatesanthropogenic greenhouse gas emission. The method also includesassigning the biofuel a regulatory value based upon a first set of oneor more carbon intensity values characterizing the production and use ofthe biofuel and a second set of one or more carbon intensity valuecharacterizing the production and use of the co-product.

In general, a first fraction of the biomass can be a fraction of thebiomass that is used as a biofuel feedstock (e.g., lipid and/orcarbohydrate rich fraction in the example of a first generationbiofuel). In general, the second fraction of the biomass can be afraction of the biomass that is not used as a biofuel feedstock (though,in some embodiments, the second fraction can also be a biofuelfeedstock, e.g., for a cellulosic biofuel). In various embodiments, thesecond fraction is or comprises an agricultural residue. The termagricultural residues is used here to describe biomass produced inagriculture, silviculture, and or aquaculture systems that is typicallyor historically not of sufficient value to be converted into salableproduct(s) and is therefore historically allowed to decompose in naturalor modified environments (e.g., in the field, in compost, etc.), burned,or used as fodder or bedding in animal husbandry. Agricultural residuescan be separated from the primary biofuel feedstock during harvesting(e.g., stalks, stems, leaves, etc.) or in post-harvest processing (e.g.,shells, pods, hulls, etc.).

In general, the invention can be carried out by a single entityexecuting, arranging for and/or providing for the execution of theindividual steps. For example, the single entity can contract for thecompletion of one or more individual steps (e.g., agriculturalproduction, biofuel production, agricultural residue utilization, and/orgreenhouse gas accounting and/or sustainability assessment). In someembodiments, the single entity might employ a preexisting framework orregistration in carrying out the method (e.g., purchase a biofuelfeedstock with an established CI and/or sustainability measure, orproduce a biofuel with an established CI and/or sustainability measure)rather than ascertaining values for components of the pathway fromscratch. Therefore, although the method integrates a wide variety offeatures from a long and complex supply chain/carbon cycle, the methodis readily implemented by a single entity. For example, in the contextof markets resulting from GHG/biofuel regulatory instruments andenvironments, several potential implementation models could be used tosupport WCBP. Potential implementation models can be differentiatedbased on the point in the supply chain responsible for WCBPimplementation.

Implementation by independent operators. WCBP can be implemented by anindependent operator based on the value of resulting tradable credits.In this case, the WCBP operator could purchase biomass and/oragricultural residues from biomass producers, process the biomass and/oragricultural residues (e.g., into a biofuel and co-product, or aco-product) and, qualify LCA emissions accounting credits under any orall relevant regulatory frameworks, market resulting tradable credits toregulated parties. One variant of this case could be for the WCBPoperator to partner with a regulated party with standing under certainregulatory instruments (e.g., a biofuel producer regulated under a lowcarbon fuels standard) to qualify LCA emissions accounting credits andresultant tradable credits from WCBP implementation.

Implementation by regulated parties. WCBP can be implemented by a partywith compliance requirements under one or more relevant regulatoryframeworks (e.g., biofuel producer obligated under a low carbon fuelstandard) based on the value of resulting tradable credits or allowancesto the firm or on associated emissions trading markets. In this case,the regulated party could purchase biomass for WCBP jointly with orindependently from their purchases of other biomass feedstock (e.g.,agricultural residues along with corn kernels or soybeans for biofuelproduction). They could take responsibility for all of the processesmentioned above, but would have the additional options of retainingresulting tradable credits for their own compliance purposes ormarketing them with their other products (e.g., biofuel) to regulatedparties downstream in the supply chain in order to benefit frompotential price premiums for low carbon products.

Implementation by biomass producers. WCBP can be implemented by abiomass producer. In many cases, resulting implementation models wouldbe analogous to implementation by an independent operator. However,biomass producers implementing WCBP on biomass resulting as a co-productto primary biomass products (e.g., agricultural residues from productionof feedstock for biofuel production) could profit from price premiumsfor primary products associated with lower embodied carbon emissionsinstead of qualification of LCA emissions accounting credits and sale ofresulting tradable credits. This implementation model could beimplemented in a stand-alone manner by biomass producers or inpartnership with independent WCBP operators, regulated parties (e.g.,biofuel producers), or both to leverage the particular contributions ofeach party (e.g., specialization of WCBP operators and regulatorystanding of regulated parties).

Whole Crop Biofuel production systems are differentiated from otherexisting and proposed biofuel production systems in their utilization ofthe whole crop's biomass to maximize financial, environmental, climate,and other sustainability benefits, which can be relevant in a number ofcontexts, including for example evolving regulatory frameworks foradvancing climate policy objectives. Relative to other existing andproposed biofuel production systems it can be viewed as: (i)systematically expanding process inputs and materials handling in thebiofuel production systems to the whole crop biomass produced, ratherthan only starch, sugar, cellulosic, or lipid rich portions; (ii)balancing the expanded mix of products and co-products enabled byutilizing the whole crop biomass to maximize financial, climate,environmental, and sustainability benefits; and (iii) explicitlyintegrating the expanded product mix in lifecycle assessments ofsustainability, environmental performance, greenhouse gas emissions, andcarbon intensity to (a) substantially advance sustainabilityperformance, (b) maximize potential emissions reductions, and (c)concentrate LCA accounting credits for such sustainability and emissionsbenefits on biofuel product(s), which can be associated with marketswhere the value of such emissions accounting credits, or resultanttradable credits, is expected to be particularly high. Examples includebut are not limited to markets for low carbon biofuels and tradablecredits issued for compliance with low carbon fuel standards.

Whole Crop Biofuels are fundamentally different in character from thoseresulting from other existing or proposed biofuel production systemswith respect to unit-specific greenhouse gas emissions, also known astheir carbon intensity, a measurable and regulated fuel property, andwith respect to other potential metrics of biofuel sustainabilityadopted for regulatory or other purposes. Examples include those beingdeveloped or considered under low carbon fuel standards in California,Oregon, Washington, British Columbia, and a coalition of states in theNortheast and Mid-Atlantic region, the European Union's Renewable Energyand Fuel Quality Directives, and the United Kingdom's RenewableTransport Fuel Obligation.

Certain distinctions between Whole Crop Biofuel Production andconventional biofuel production are shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B. FIG. 2shows certain other distinctions. FIG. 2A shows an example ofconventional biofuel production and FIG. 2C shows an example WCBP, inthe context of corn and corn ethanol.

FIG. 2A shows an example of conventional biofuel production from cornwith lifecycle carbon intensity reductions and sustainability benefitsfrom (i) co-products of converting primary biofuel feedstock and (ii)use of reduced carbon intensity process inputs (e.g., natural gas &/orbiomass fuel for process heat and power requirements).

FIG. 2B shows an example of biofuel production from corn, withagricultural residues used for process heat and power. Biofuelproduction can include additional lifecycle carbon intensity reductionsand sustainability benefits from the use of agricultural residues as lowcarbon intensity process inputs (e.g., corn stover biomass utilizationfor process heat and power requirements in ethanol production).

FIG. 2C shows an example of WCBP. Biofuel production can includeadditional lifecycle carbon intensity reductions and sustainabilitybenefits from the utilization of the whole crop biomass, includingco-products from agricultural residue utilization. Note that the exampleof WCBP differs from the conventional production in that (i) a secondfraction of the agricultural biomass is harvested and removed forprocessing and conversion, (ii) processing and conversion of the secondfraction of the agricultural biomass includes the production ofco-products, and (iii) the co-products result in a biofuel having animproved CI and/or sustainability value.

Whole Crop Biofuel Production is not limited to the examples of cornethanol shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. Selected additional examples are shownin Tables 1, 2, and 3 and Exhibit A. More generally, a person ofordinary skill in the art would understand, for example, that Whole CropBiofuels can be differentiated from other biofuels based upon theirunique mixes of products and co-products enabled by utilization of thewhole crop, including agricultural residues, as indicated in associatedcarbon intensity measures and sustainability assessments. Such expandedproduct and co-product mixes can provide substantially improvedsustainability performance and substantially reduced carbon intensitiesrelative to biofuels produced with other existing or proposed productionsystems.

Although many of the individual component technologies required forimplementing Whole Crop Biofuel Production have been developed andpublished, their integration into a production system capable ofproviding reduced carbon intensity biofuels and/or increasedsustainability biofuels has not been previously disclosed, taught, orsuggested. For example, WCBP has not been discussed in connection withdiscussion of biofuel carbon intensity reduction strategies despite thelarge emphasis placed on developing such strategies, for liquid fuels ingeneral and biofuels in particular. This emphasis on carbon intensityreductions has contributed to the emergence of low carbon fuel standardsin multiple jurisdictions within the U.S. and abroad as a strategy forreducing greenhouse gas emissions from liquid fuels. Such regulatoryframeworks are expected to provide very strong incentives for supplyingreduced carbon intensity biofuels and have generated strong oppositionfrom industry participants that will be regulated under them. Theassociated controversy has brought measures of biofuel carbon intensityunder intense scrutiny and has motivated substantial investment andenquiry by parties in industry, government, and academia alike intostrategies for reducing the carbon intensity of biofuels. Industry hasinvested considerably in applying for the right to adopt reduced carbonintensity values for their biofuels on the basis of unique aspects oftheir production systems. Despite this high interest and expectationsfor strong policy incentives and high financial value, nowhere has thepotential for Whole Crop Biofuels been publically disclosed, developed,or even discussed conceptually. Moreover, none of the carbon intensityvalues applied for by industry based on proprietary production systemsare sufficiently low to reflect Whole Crop Biofuel Production. Thiscannot be disregarded as a minor omission in the various venues ofdebate or an accidental oversight given (i) the intensity of controversysurrounding low carbon fuel standards, related initiatives to regulatefuel carbon intensity, and associated carbon intensity measures forbiofuels; (ii) the expected value of developing reduced carbon intensitybiofuel production systems; and (iii) the potentially dramaticreductions in biofuel carbon intensity that can be achieved via WholeCrop Biofuel Production.

It should be noted that due to the nature of agricultural, biofuel, andco-product production systems, Whole Crop Biofuel Production can beimplemented at one or more facilities, at one or more locations, and/orin one or more jurisdictions owned by one or more parties. Regardless ofthe distribution of the production system components in these and otherdimensions, Whole Crop Biofuels can be identified and differentiatedfrom other biofuels by the greenhouse gas emissions accounting used toevaluate fuel carbon intensity and by the sustainability assessmentsused to evaluate sustainability performance. In particular, the LCAemissions accounting credits associated with co-products resulting fromagricultural residue utilization that are attributed to the biofuel canbe used to indicate utilization of Whole Crop Biofuel Production. Anybiofuel with a carbon intensity measure and or sustainability assessmentthat reflects the unique product mixes available under Whole CropBiofuel Production systems can be by definition a Whole Crop Biofueland, therefore, the subject of the invention.

Agricultural production includes the production of feedstock for biofuelproduction by conventional or novel agriculture, silviculture,aquaculture systems, and the like. Many alternate feedstock types andfeedstock production systems can be utilized in the production of WholeCrop Biofuels. Potential feedstock include, but are not limited to:corn; wheat; sugar cane; sugar beet; soybean; canola; camolina;rapeseed; jatropha; mahua; mustard; flax; sunflower; palm; hemp; fieldpennycress; pongamia pinnata; algae; switchgrass; miscanthus; poplar;willow; timber; or residues from biomass intensive industries. Theproduction system can be similar to that employed in the production ofconventional agriculture, silviculture, or aquaculture products andcommodities or can be modified via various techniques with respect toagricultural commodity yields, agricultural residue yields, soil carbonsequestration, nutrient/fertilizer inputs, water requirements or otheroperational parameters or co-benefits of agricultural productionsystems. Such modifications can include, but are not limited to,adoption of low or no till agriculture, retention of a fraction ofagricultural residues to support soil fertility, application of bio-charproduced from agricultural residues or other sources, or utilization ofadvanced crop strains, for example.

Agricultural production in Whole Crop Biofuel production systems can bedifferentiated from other existing or proposed production systems inthat the whole crop biomass, including agricultural residues, areutilized to enable maximization of financial and environmental benefitsof the integrated biofuel production system. In other words,agricultural production in Whole Crop Biofuel Production includesutilization of both the feedstock for primary biofuel production (e.g.,corn kernels, soy beans, oil seeds, sugar canes, and the like) andportions that are not destined for conversion to primary biofuels,referred to herein as agricultural residues. That being said, theproportion of whole crop biomass, including agricultural residues,removed can be less than 100%. This proportion can be varied to balancefinancial and environmental benefits from products and co-products,environmental performance, soil fertility, or other considerations. Assuch, the proportion of agricultural residue biomass removed can dependon, among other things: the production system; the crop; agricultural,silviculture, or aquaculture management practices (e.g., the extent oftillage, application of fertilizers or other soil amendments, includingbio-char or biocoal produced from agricultural residues or othersources, etc.); soil conditions; other environmental factors; and otherconsiderations. All else being equal, the proportion of residues removedcan vary across locations, crops, management systems, or time, forexample. Whole Crop Biofuel production can include various systems andmethods for evaluating and balancing these various considerations ingeneralized or highly specific ways.

Residues can be removed concurrently with the harvest of primary biofuelfeedstock (e.g., corn kernels, soybeans, sugar canes, canola seed, etc.)or in one or more independent processes. For example, combines orharvesters used for harvesting conventional agricultural commoditiescould be modified to enable simultaneous collection of agriculturalresidues that would otherwise be left behind or deposited in the field.Alternatively, agricultural residues could be collected with balers orarranged into windrows, processed by balers, and subsequently collectedafter the primary agricultural commodities are removed. Other suitablemachinery and processes can also be used to enable collection andmaterials handling of agricultural residues. This can be accomplishedall at once or in several stages to optimize costs and/or residuecharacteristics, including for example moisture content, dry matteryield, mineral content, etc., and/or soil characteristics including forexample nutrient retention, carbon content, soil structure, erosionresistance, etc. Many variants of whole crop biomass removal arefeasible.

In various embodiments, a differentiating feature of agriculturalproduction for Whole Crop Biofuel Production is the deliberate removaland/or utilization of biomass other than that associated with theprimary biofuel feedstock to support production of biofuelco-products—even if some or all of those co-products are returned to thefield (e.g., in the form of bio-char as a soil amendment)—in order toreduce biofuel carbon intensity and/or improve performance againstsustainability metrics.

Biofuel production can include processes by which the portion ofagricultural products to be thermochemically, biochemically, orotherwise converted into biofuels—the primary biofuel feedstock—is soconverted. Many variants of these processes exist, have been proposed,or can be developed. Any and all biomass to biofuel conversiontechnologies can be utilized within Whole Crop Biofuel Productionsystems. Conventional or novel biofuel conversion processes can beintegrated within Whole Crop Biofuel Production systems withoutmodification.

For example, biofuel production via fermentation (e.g., ethanol fromcorn, cane, wheat, beets, or cellulosic feedstock) can include amongother things: all preparation and pre-treatment of the biomass to enablebiochemical agents access the sugar, starch or cellulose; conversion ofsuch biomass fractions to fermentable sugars; fermentation; biofuelpurification; and all subsequent, ancillary, and downstream processesrequired to produce and deliver useful biofuel products. Biofuelproduction can include production of co-products from the biomass inputsto biofuel production (as opposed to those from agricultural residues,which are discussed below). For example, in the case of ethanol fromcorn kernels co-products might include wet or dry distillers' grain foruse as animal feed, extractable corn oil for use as a food product,industrial chemical, for conversion into biofuel or related products, orfor other uses.

As another example, in the case of lipid rich feedstock biofuelproduction can include among other things: lipid or vegetable oilextraction; vegetable oil conversion to biofuels viatrans-esterification or various treatments with hydrogen, for example;and all subsequent, ancillary, and downstream processes required toproduce and deliver useful biofuel products. In this context, biofuelproduction co-products include but are not limited to residues from oilextraction, which is variously referred to as oil cake or meal (as insoy meal).

These and other examples are shown in Table 1. This table is provided toindicate the breadth of biofuel production systems capable of beingintegrated into Whole Crop Biofuel Production. It is not intended to beexhaustive as feedstock types, conversion process, and potentialproducts are constantly evolving and being developed.

In various embodiments, a distinguishing feature of biofuel productionin Whole Crop Biofuel Production is that a portion of the biomassproduced along with the primary biofuel feedstock is used to provideco-products to the primary biofuel that effectively reduce the biofuel'scarbon intensity and/or improve its performance on sustainabilitymetrics.

TABLE 1 Examples of biofuel conversion processes that can be used inconnection with Whole Crop Biofuels Production Primary conversionFeedstock processes Potential products/co-products Lipid-rich biomass,including Vegetable extraction Fatty Acid Methyl Esters or soybean,canola, rapeseed, camolina, followed by Trans- “bio-diesel”; oil cake,meal, palm, jatropha, mahua, mustard, esterification and related animalfeed flax, sunflower, palm oil, hemp, field products; glycerin andrelated pennycress, pongamia pinnata and products algae Vegetable oilextraction Substitutes for diesel, followed by various kerosene, andrelated liquid potential processes fuels; non-condensable involvinghydrogen, hydrocarbons; oil cake, meal, similar to refinery and relatedanimal feed hydro-treatment or products hydrogenation Starch or sugarrich biomass, Fermentation and Bio-alcohols and fuels including cornkernels, wheat, related biochemical produced from bio-alcohols;sugarcane, and sugar beet conversion processes, food grade oils;oil-derived potentially followed by fuels and chemicals; animalsubsequent fuel feed in the form of grain meal upgrading processesand/or distillers grains; cellulose-derived polymers and chemicals; andCO2 Cellulosic feedstock including Fermentation and Bio-alcohols andfuels switchgrass, miscanthus, other related biochemical produced fromthem; lignin herbaceous energy crops, woody conversion processes andproducts produced from biomass, poplar, willow, wood lignin; heat,power, and or wastes, timber residues, mill wastes, electricity andagricultural residues. In many Pryrolysis Pyrolysis oils; fuels andthermochemical biofuel conversion chemicals produced from processesthese biomass feedstock pyrolysis oils; gaseous can be mixed orco-utilized with hydrocarbons; fuels and coal. In many of theseprocesses, chemicals produced from primary products or co-products canprimary gaseous hydrocarbon be used as an input to other products;bio-char; fuels, processes to yield even more diverse chemicals, andproducts final products. produced from bio-char; heat, power, and orelectricity Gasification and liquid Gaseous fuels including fuelsynthesis synthetic natural gas or hydrogen; liquid fuels includingalcohols, Fisher- Tropsche liquids, synthetic gasoline, naphtha,chemicals and products from these various intermediate products; heat,power, and or electricity; bio-char Hydrothermal So called bio-crudeoils; liquid upgrading and gaseous fuels and chemicals produced frombio- crude and related products; heat, power, and or electricity;carbonized bio-solids Liquefaction So called bio-crude oils; liquid andgaseous fuels and chemicals produced from bio- crude oils; ammonia; CO2;and heat, power, and or electricity Anaerobic bio- Methane; liquid andgaseous digestion fuels and chemicals produced from methane; CO2; heat,power, and or electricity

Agricultural residue utilization can include processes, systems, andmethods that use as process inputs agricultural residues resulting as aconsequence of primary biofuel feedstock production. The use of theseagricultural residues improves the lifecycle environmental performanceof associated biofuel production systems. This improved environmentalperformance can be credited to the biofuels and thereby reduce thecarbon intensity of the biofuel, improve its performance onsustainability metrics, enable generation of additional tradablecredits, and/or qualify the biofuel with respect to other environmentalstandards, including sustainability standards.

In various embodiment, a differentiating feature of agricultural residueutilization in the context of Whole Crop Biofuels is that the linkagefor emissions accounting or other purposes between this biomass (e.g.,the agricultural residues) and its products on the one hand and theprimary biofuel on the other is via the production of the primaryfeedstock for biofuel production (rather than via primary biofuelfeedstock pre-treatment and processing into biofuel products). While,biofuel production systems can conceivably incorporate agriculturalresidues utilization within the biofuel production process, suchutilization does not exclude this biomass from the definition ofagricultural residue.

Utilization of agricultural residues for biofuel production does notnecessarily imply Whole Crop Biofuel Production. Rather Whole CropBiofuel Production can be differentiated from other production processesby the utilization of one portion of a biomass feedstock for biofuelproduction and another portion of the biomass feedstock for some anotherpurpose that enables the use, application, or assignment of reducedbiofuel carbon intensities or improved biofuel performance againstsustainability metrics (e.g., mitigates anthropogenic greenhouse gasemissions and associates the mitigation to a biofuel in a context of aregulatory framework).

Note that several potential uses for agricultural residues within WholeCrop Biofuel Production can also yield secondary biofuels, but by adifferent process from the primary biofuel. For example a productionsystem including ethanol production from corn kernels and ethanolproduction from corn stover represents a Whole Crop Biofuel Productionsystem because the two portions of the corn crop (e.g., kernels andstover) are processed by distinct technologies (e.g., conventionalstarch-to-ethanol and emerging cellulosic ethanol technologies,respectively) to yield a primary biofuel (e.g., ethanol from cornkernels) with a reduced carbon intensity relative to ethanol producedwithout use of the agricultural residues resulting from production ofthe primary biofuel feedstock (corn kernels).

In the case of first generation biofuels, agricultural residues caninclude but are not limited to stalks, stems, leaves, cobs, straw, pods,shells or other biomass that is not processed further in biofuelsproduction. This residue might traditionally be used or disposed of in avariety of ways including but not limited to being: burned in the fieldor in piles or other aggregations; left in the field to rot or supportsoil structure, fertility, or erosion control; or used as fodder orbedding in animal husbandry. In Whole Crop Biofuels Production, somefraction of these residues can be used to supply one or more additionalproducts or services including, for example: building or constructionmaterials; pulp or paper products; energy products (e.g., heat, power,electricity, liquid fuels, gaseous fuels, solid fuels, etc.) producedusing one or more different technologies (e.g., combustion,gasification, liquefaction, liquid fuels synthesis, fermentation,anaerobic digestion, pyrolysis, torrefaction, hydrothermal treatment,hydrothermal upgrading, etc.); gaseous, liquid, and/or solid fuels orchemicals; secondary products produced from the gaseous, liquid, orsolid fuel or chemical products (e.g., paints, dyes, polymers,adhesives, lubricants, organic acids, etc.); bio-char, bio-coal or otherbio-solids; soil amendments and fertilizers; animal feeds; CO2 forenhanced oil recovery or sequestration away from the atmosphere; and/orbiomass carbon for sequestration by other means (including solid phasebiomass carbon sequestration). Due to their origin in biomass fromwithin the biofuel supply chain, these products can be viewed asco-products of the primary biofuel for the purposes of lifecycleassessment of carbon intensity and sustainability performance.

As noted above, some proportion of agricultural residues might beeffectively utilized in the agricultural production system by beingretained on the field in its raw form or by being returned to the fieldin a modified form (e.g., as bio-char or another bio-solid resultingfrom various processes). This proportion of agricultural residues can,but does not necessarily, result in LCA emissions accounting credits incarbon intensity measures, depending on the carbon intensity evaluationmethodology. As the proportion retained in the field in its raw form canbe highly variable across time, location, crop, management practiceand/or other dimensions, this use can on some occasions and in somecircumstances be applied to 100% of agricultural residues. This does notpreclude associated biofuels from being defined as Whole Crop Biofuels,so long as on at least some occasions and/or in some circumstances theproportion of residues left in the field in its raw form is less than100%. Note that the term “field” is used to refer to the productionenvironment, whether or not it is manifest as a field in theconventional agricultural sense of the word.

An important feature of these co-products (either those returned to thefield as a soil amendment for example, those exported, or both) withinWhole Crop Biofuel Production systems is that their use—individually orin some combination—provides emissions or sustainability benefit(s) thatcan be attributed to the biofuel within one or more measures of carbonintensity or sustainability performance.

Several examples of agricultural residue utilization systems suitablefor integration with alternate primary biofuel feedstock to enable WholeCrop Biofuel Production are indicated in Table 2. Note that this tableis not intended to be exhaustive as the primary biofuel feedstock,agricultural residue definition, and particularly residue utilizationtechnologies and products mixes are constantly evolving. The absence ofparticular feedstock, residues, or utilization technologies from thistable does not imply that they are excluded from the applicability ordefinition of Whole Crop Biofuel Production.

TABLE 2 Examples of agricultural residue utilization for alternateprimary biofuel feedstock. Potential residue-derived Biofuel feedstockAgricultural residue Utilization technology biofuel co-productsAgricultural Stalks, stems, leaves, Combustion; gasification; buildingor construction products including cobs, “corn stover”, integratedgasification materials; pulp or paper corn kernels, “cane trash”, husks,combined cycle power products; heat, power, wheat, sugarcane, shells,pods and other generation; cellulosic and or electricity; and sugarbeet, biomass not biofuel production gaseous, liquid, or solid soybean,canola, specifically rich in technologies (see Table 1); fuels orchemicals; rapeseed, starches, sugars, or carbonization; secondaryproducts camolina, lipids and typically torrefaction; hydro- producedfrom the gaseous, mustard, flax, separated from the thermal treatment;liquid, or solid fuel or sunflower, palm biofuel feedstock enzymatichydrolysis; chemical products; bio-char, oil, hemp, field beforeconversion to anaerobic digestion; bio-coal or related bio-solids;pennycress biofuels composting; solid phase soil amendments and Oilseeds from Leaves, trimmings, biomass carbon storage fertilizers; animalfeeds, trees or woody shells, pods, husks CO2 for enhanced oil shrubsand other available recovery or sequestration; biomass not biomasscarbon for specifically rich in sequestration by other lipids, notsuitable means (including solid for transport to phase biomass carbonconversion facilities sequestration) or biofuel conversion to lipid-derived biofuels, or otherwise diverted from biofuels productionCellulosic Leaves, branches, biomass and other biomass that is deemedunsuitable for biofuel production, unsuitable for transport to biofuelproduction facilities, or is otherwise diverted from biofuel productionAquaculture Algae residues not biomass suitable for conversion tobiofuels

Emissions accounting and/or sustainability assessment systems caninclude any one or more systems that enable emissions and sustainabilitybenefits of using the whole crop biomass to be attributed to the biofuelproduct to enhance the value of that biofuel and or to generate tradablecredits that can be marketed along with or independently from thebiofuel product. These systems can take any number of forms, dependingcritically on regulatory and or market requirements and opportunities.Many such systems exist, are being developed, or have been conceived,including for example the California modified GREET model, GHGenius,EPA's consequential LCA modeling framework developed in the context ofthe federal Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS2), the Gabi Software tool, theSimaPro software tool, the EcoInvent Database, among others.

The emissions accounting and/or sustainability assessments or assessmentsystems for Whole Crop Biofuel Production can be differentiated fromthose used to describe or evaluate other production systems by the LCAaccounting credits assigned or other accounting provided for the mixesof products and co-products unique to Whole Crop Biofuel Production.These mixes are further elaborated in text above, in Tables 1-3, in FIG.2C (using the example of ethanol production from corn), and in ExhibitA.

Because Whole Crop Biofuel Production can be implemented in many ways byone or more parties in one or more countries or jurisdictions, theemissions accounting and/or sustainability assessment system representsa key mechanism for identifying and differentiating Whole Crop BiofuelProduction from other production systems and Whole Crop Biofuels fromother biofuels. This is because it provides an integrated record of theproducts, co-products, and associated production system used for anygiven biofuel product. In particular, the emissions accounting and/orsustainability assessment of Whole Crop Biofuels can include some typeof credit for the product mixes resulting from use of the whole cropbiomass, including agricultural residues. Therefore, any biofuelproduced and documented with an emissions accounting and/orsustainability assessment system that reflects a product and co-productmix consistent with Whole Crop Biofuel Production can be identified anddefined as a Whole Crop Biofuel.

Several examples of components that might be included in emissionsaccounting and/or sustainability assessments of Whole Crop BiofuelProduction systems are indicated in Table 3. This table is not intendedto be exhaustive as the set of primary biofuel products, co-productsfrom primary biofuel processing, and potential co-products fromagricultural residue processing are constantly evolving. The absence ofany particular primary product, processing co-product, residue-derivedco-product, or combination thereof does not imply that such product,co-product, or combination is not an example of Whole Crop BiofuelProduction.

TABLE 3 Example product mixes and components reportable within emissionsaccounting and/or sustainability assessments of Whole Crop Biofuels andWhole Crop Biofuel Production systems. Co-products from Co-products fromPrimary biofuel product primary biofuel processing agricultural residueprocessing Corn (including maize) Any combination of animal feedbuilding or construction material; alcohols (including (e.g., distillersgrains), products pulp or paper substitute; heat, ethanol, butanol,etc.), for human consumption (e.g., power, and or electricity; or fuelsderived by edible oils), biofuels or chemicals gaseous, liquid, or solidfuels or upgrading corn-derived derived from extracted oils (e.g.,chemicals; secondary products alcohols. bio-diesel, or petroleumproduced from the gaseous, substitutes produced via hydro- liquid, orsolid fuel or chemical treatment), and other co-products products;bio-char, bio-coal or from corn kernel fractions not related bio-solids;soil directly converted to biofuel. amendments and fertilizers; animalfeeds; CO2 for enhanced oil recovery or sequestration; biomass carbonfor sequestration by other means (including solid phase biomass carbonsequestration) Sugar cane alcohols Any combination of products forbuilding or construction material; (including ethanol, animal or humanconsumption pulp or paper substitute; heat, butanol, etc.), or fuels(e.g., sugar, molasses, etc.), power, and or electricity; derived byupgrading bagasse-derived heat and power gaseous, liquid, or solid fuelsor cane alcohols. (including electricity), bagasse- chemicals; secondaryproducts derived solid phase biomass produced from the gaseous, carbonstorage, other co-products liquid, or solid fuel or chemical derivedfrom cane fractions not products; bio-char, bio-coal or directlyconverted to biofuel related bio-solids; soil amendments andfertilizers; animal feeds; CO2 for enhanced oil recovery orsequestration; biomass carbon for sequestration by other means(including solid phase biomass carbon sequestration) Wheat alcohols Anycombination of products for building or construction material;(including ethanol, animal or human consumption, pulp or papersubstitute; heat, butanol, etc.), or fuels processing residue derivedheat power, and or electricity; derived by upgrading and power(including electricity), gaseous, liquid, or solid fuels or wheatalcohols. other co-products derived from chemicals; secondary productswheat fractions not directly produced from the gaseous, converted tobiofuel liquid, or solid fuel or chemical products; bio-char, bio-coalor related bio-solids; soil amendments and fertilizers; animal feeds;CO2 for enhanced oil recovery or sequestration; biomass carbon forsequestration by other means (including solid phase biomass carbonsequestration) Sugar beet alcohols Any combination of products forbuilding or construction material; (including ethanol, animal or humanconsumption, pulp or paper substitute; heat, butanol, etc.), or fuelsprocessing residue derived heat power, and or electricity; derived byupgrading and power (including electricity), gaseous, liquid, or solidfuels or beet alcohols. other co-products derived from chemicals;secondary products sugar beet fractions not directly produced from thegaseous, converted to biofuel liquid, or solid fuel or chemicalproducts; bio-char, bio-coal or related bio-solids; soil amendments andfertilizers; animal feeds; CO2 for enhanced oil recovery orsequestration; biomass carbon for sequestration by other means(including solid phase biomass carbon sequestration) Soy biodiesel andother Any combination of products for building or construction material;petroleum substitutes animal or human consumption pulp or papersubstitute; heat, derived from soy oils. (including edible oils, soymeal, power, and or electricity; oil cake, etc.), other co-productsgaseous, liquid, or solid fuels or derived from soy beans not chemicals;secondary products directly converted to biofuel produced from thegaseous, liquid, or solid fuel or chemical products; bio-char, bio-coalor related bio-solids; soil amendments and fertilizers; animal feeds;CO2 for enhanced oil recovery or sequestration; biomass carbon forsequestration by other means (including solid phase biomass carbonsequestration) biodiesel and other Any combination of products forbuilding or construction material; petroleum substitutes animal or humanconsumption pulp or paper substitute; heat, derived from canola,(including edible oils, soy meal, power, and or electricity; camolina,rapeseed, oil cake, etc.), other co-products gaseous, liquid, or solidfuels or mustard, flax, derived from oilseed not directly chemicals;secondary products sunflower, safflower, converted to biofuel producedfrom the gaseous, hemp, palm, jatropha, liquid, or solid fuel orchemical field pennycress, products; bio-char, bio-coal or mahua,pangamia related bio-solids; soil pinnata, or other oilseed amendmentsand fertilizers; crops animal feeds; CO2 for enhanced oil recovery orsequestration; biomass carbon for sequestration by other means(including solid phase biomass carbon sequestration) Cellulosic biofuelAny combination of the following building or construction material;produced as a co-product of the pulp or paper substitute; heat, biomassprocessed in the facility power, and or electricity; or by the processproducing the gaseous, liquid, or solid fuels or primary biofuelproduct: Heat, chemicals; secondary products power, and or electricity;produced from the gaseous, gaseous, liquid, or solid fuels or liquid, orsolid fuel or chemical chemicals; products produced products; bio-char,bio-coal or from gaseous, liquid, or solid fuel related bio-solids; soilor chemical products; bio-char, amendments and fertilizers; bio-coal orrelated bio-solids; animal feeds; CO2 for enhanced soil amendments andfertilizers; oil recovery or sequestration; animal feeds, CO2 forenhanced biomass carbon for sequestration oil recovery or sequestration;by other means (including solid biomass carbon for sequestration phasebiomass carbon by other means (including solid sequestration) phasebiomass carbon sequestration) Algal biofuel building or constructionmaterial; pulp or paper substitute; heat, power, and or electricity;gaseous, liquid, or solid fuels or chemicals; secondary productsproduced from the gaseous, liquid, or solid fuel or chemical products;bio-char, bio-coal or related bio-solids; soil amendments andfertilizers; animal feeds; CO2 for enhanced oil recovery orsequestration; biomass carbon for sequestration by other means(including solid phase biomass carbon sequestration)

Additional examples of key system components in sample Whole CropBiofuel Production Systems are provided in Exhibit A.

EXAMPLES Methods of Engineering a Biofuel Cycle and Accounting forCarbon Flows and Determining a Regulatory Value for a Biofuel

FIG. 3A shows biogenic carbon flows in an example of conventional cornethanol production and use. FIG. 3A is useful comparison for FIGS.3B-3D, which illustrate examples of engineering a carbon cycle in thecontext of WCBP to mitigate anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions.FIGS. 3A-D also illustrates examples of carbon cycle components that canbe used in determining a regulatory value that accounts for the carbonintensity and/or sustainability of a biofuel. The following examples canbe mapped onto the process schematics shown in FIG. 4 and algorithmsdiscussed in connection with Tables 4-8, and analyzed to determine aregulatory value for a biofuel. These examples, together with thedisclosure, also provide a framework and useful examples for applyingthe invention in the context of additional and/or future regulatoryframeworks.

The carbon cycle shown in FIG. 3A can be considered to begin whenbiogenic carbon is fixed from the atmosphere via photosynthesis. Theportion of the fixed carbon embodied in primary biofuel feedstock (e.g.,corn kernels) is transported to an ethanol production facility.Separately, the portion of the fixed carbon embodied in agriculturalresidues is subject to natural degradation and decomposition, throughwhich it is returned to the atmosphere. Ethanol is produced at theproduction facility from the primary biofuel feedstock. A portion ofprimary biofuel feedstock carbon is released to the atmosphere duringethanol production (e.g., via fermentation off-gases), while the balanceis converted into biofuel (e.g., ethanol) and biofuel productionco-products (e.g., animal feed, vegetable oils, and/or biodiesel). Then,the ethanol and ethanol production co-product(s) are used, and thebiogenic carbon in the biofuel and biofuel production co-products isreturned to the atmosphere. In some cases this return of biogenic carbonto the atmosphere can be direct (e.g., in the case of biofuelcombustion) or indirect (e.g., in the case of animal feed co-productuse).

Note that the figures focus on biogenic carbon flows in order toillustrate a principle of WCBP. However, other flows of greenhouse gasesare relevant to the biofuel carbon cycle and accounting for carbon flowsand determining a regulatory value for a biofuel. For example, whileregulatory values can be calculated solely from biogenic carbon flows,in many cases a consideration of carbon flows from fossil hydrocarbonsources (e.g., petroleum, coal, and the like) can be important incalculating a regulatory value. Examples of other relevant flows arediscussed in connection with Tables 4-9.

Example 1 Combustion

FIG. 3B shows biogenic carbon flows in an example of WCBP of cornethanol, where the carbon cycle is engineered to include residueprocessing by combustion. Combustion of an agricultural residue cansubstitute for combustion of a fossil hydrocarbon product, therebypreventing carbon from a fossil hydrocarbon product from flowing to theatmosphere. For example, the production and use of the co-product caninclude producing electricity from a combination of agricultural residueand coal, thereby reducing coal use and reducing the amount of carbonfrom coal that is released into the atmosphere.

In FIG. 3B, the fixing of biogenic carbon from the atmosphere, as wellas the production and use of ethanol can be essentially the same asshown and described in connection with FIG. 3A. A second fraction of theagricultural biomass (e.g., comprising agricultural residue), whichembodies biogenic carbon, is transported for processing into co-product(e.g., heat, power, electricity, and the like). The co-product generatesLCA emission accounting credits. In this example, processing releasesthe biogenic carbon to the atmosphere. However, because the carbon inthe biofuel is biogenic, the net greenhouse gas emission is zero.Nevertheless, anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions are mitigated byWCBP because the use of a fossil hydrocarbon product (e.g., coal) isreplaced by use of the second fraction of the agricultural biomass(e.g., agricultural residue burned in a coal-fired electric plant).Other examples of WCBP may not involve the same degree ofcontemporaneous release of biogenic carbon to the atmosphere (e.g.,where the co-product is not contemporaneously combusted or decomposed,e.g., where a co-product is bio-char, bio-chemical, bio-plastic,building material, construction material, paper pulp, and the like).

Optionally (e.g., shown as a dashed line from crop cultivation to theatmospheric pool of CO2) biomass, for example some of the agriculturalresidue, can be left in the field to support soil fertility, protectagainst erosion, and/or achieve other agricultural objectives. Suchbiomass is subject to natural degradation and decomposition, throughwhich the embodied biogenic carbon is returned to the atmosphere. Thisflow is indicated with a dashed line to reflect its secondary impact indifferentiating net carbon flows relative to those indicated in FIG. 3A.Note that in this example, the arrow connecting Residue Processing toCo-products of Residue Processing represents an energy flow, not acarbon flow. Also note that Residue Processing (as well as any of theother function represented by arrows or boxes in any of the embodimentsor examples) can be implemented in multiple steps.

Example 2 Cellulosic Biofuel

FIG. 3C shows biogenic carbon flows in an example of WCBP of cornethanol, where the carbon cycle is engineered to include the productionof a cellulosic biofuel as a co-product. Combustion of such a biofuelco-product can substitute for combustion of a fossil hydrocarbonproduct, thereby preventing carbon from a fossil hydrocarbon productfrom flowing to the atmosphere.

In FIG. 3C, the fixing of biogenic carbon from the atmosphere, as wellas the production and use of ethanol can be essentially the same asshown and described in connection with FIG. 3A. A second fraction of theagricultural biomass (e.g., comprising agricultural residue), whichembodies biogenic carbon, is transported for processing into co-product(e.g., cellulosic biofuel, heat, power, electricity, and the like). Theco-product generates emission accounting credits and mitigatesanthropogenic greenhouse gas emission. In this example, processing anduse releases the biogenic carbon to the atmosphere, for example, throughthe combustion of the cellulosic biofuel and the production of any heat,power, and/or electricity. As described in connection with FIG. 3B,biomass can optionally be left in the field to support soil fertility,protect against erosion, and/or achieve other agricultural objectives.

Example 3 Pyrolysis

FIG. 3D shows biogenic carbon flows in an example of WCBP of cornethanol, where the carbon cycle is engineered to include co-productproduction by pyrolysis. Combustion of a pyrolysis co-product (e.g.,bio-oil or a bio-oil product) can substitute for combustion of a fossilhydrocarbon product, thereby preventing carbon from a fossil hydrocarbonproduct from flowing to the atmosphere. Sequestration of a pyrolysisco-product (e.g., biochar) can also prevent net carbon flow to theatmosphere on an environmentally relevant timescale.

In FIG. 3D, the fixing of biogenic carbon from the atmosphere, as wellas the production and use of ethanol can be essentially the same asshown and described in connection with FIG. 3A. A second fraction of theagricultural biomass (e.g., comprising agricultural residue), whichembodies biogenic carbon, is transported for processing via pyrolysisinto co-product(s) (e.g., biochar, bio-oils, solid biofuels, liquidbiofuels, gaseous biofuels, heat, power, electricity, and the like). Thepyrolysis co-product(s) generates emission accounting credits andmitigate the release of carbon into the atmosphere. In this example,processing and use releases the biogenic carbon to the atmosphere, forexample, through the combustion of co-product(s) and the production ofany heat, power, and/or electricity. However, biogenic carbon is notnecessarily released contemporaneously into the atmosphere. For example,biochar can be sequestered away from the atmosphere for time scalesrelevant to climate policy objectives. In some embodiments, biochar canbe used as a solid fuel. As described in connection with FIG. 3B,biomass can optionally be left in the field to support soil fertility,protect against erosion, or achieve other agricultural objectives.

Example 4 Process Schematics for Lifecycle Emissions Accounting

The components of a WCBP carbon cycle can be represented as processschematics. Such schematics can facilitate the conceptualization and/ormapping of a biofuel carbon cycle (e.g., including a fuel pathway) to anaccounting system. In this example FIG. 4A shows a process schematic forlifecycle emissions accounting (e.g., related to FIG. 3A and Table 4)and FIG. 4B shows a process schematic for lifecycle emissions accountingfor WCBP corn ethanol, where a co-product is electricity (e.g., relatedto FIG. 3B and Tables 5-8).

The schematic in FIG. 4A is adapted from FIG. 1 of the California AirResources Board “Detailed California-Modified GREET Pathway for CornEthanol,” which describes the lifecycle components used to define thelifecycle greenhouse gas emissions from corn ethanol production and todefine the regulatory default value of carbon intensity to be applied tocorn ethanol fuels under the California Low Carbon Fuel Standard. Suchregulatory default values provide a baseline for a particular biofuel(e.g., ethanol with a carbon intensity=x). Entities would then have anenvironmental and economic incentive to engineer and/or characterize abiofuel carbon cycle that results in a biofuel with a more favorableregulatory value (e.g., ethanol with a carbon intensity<x, though therelationship may vary depending upon the metric of sustainability/CI andaccounting convention).

FIG. 4B shows an example process schematic for lifecycle emissionsaccounting for WCBP corn ethanol, where a co-product is electricity.This schematic illustrates lifecycle components used to describe thelifecycle greenhouse gas emissions from WCBP corn ethanol. Onedifference between this schematic and FIG. 4A is the column of lifecyclecomponents on the left side of the figure, which describe processesassociated with harvest, transport, and utilization of crop residues forthe production of electricity. Note that FIGS. 4A and 4B provide oneconvenient format for illustrating these lifecycle components, which canbe alternatively illustrated with greater or fewer lifecycle components.Other formats are conceivable and would likely be required in otherregulatory contexts. A person with ordinary skill in the art could adaptthe present examples to other formats for illustrating, conceptualizing,and quantifying the lifecycle components and emissions from SPBCS. Suchadaptations are included in SPBCS.

One feature of various embodiments of WCBP is the inclusion ofcomponents describing the utilization of agricultural residues that areproduced as a consequence of biofuel feedstock cultivation (cropcultivation in the present example), for purposes that generateemissions accounting credits within the biofuel lifecycle greenhouse gasemissions accounting schematic. No incentives existed for SPBCS, or theconcept of developing new sources of emission accounting credits, beforethe emergence of regulatory frameworks such as the SU-ETS and noincentives existed for developing new sources of emissions accountingcredits within fuel supply chains before fuel-specific regulatoryframeworks including: U.S. RFS2; LCFS currently implemented in CA andBC, and being contemplated for WA, OR, and NEMA regions; EU-RED and FQD;and UK-RTFO.

Given a biofuel or biofuel carbon cycle, there are a number of ways toaccount for carbon flows and determine a regulatory value for thebiofuel. In jurisdictions having an established regulatory system, aperson of ordinary skill in the art would understand that they couldfirst look to the established regulatory system for guidance indetermining an applicable methodology. However, it is also understoodthat such systems are generally based upon quantifying relevantcomponents of the biofuel carbon cycle and accounting for the relevantcomponents to arrive at a net carbon intensity and/or sustainabilitymeasure for the biofuel.

The quantification of relevant carbon cycle components can be in termsof units of greenhouse gas per units of energy (e.g., gCO2/MJ). Theaccounting methodology can be, for example, system expansion orallocation. In system expansion, emissions accounting credits areprovided for net emissions reductions associated with use of the variousproducts as a substitute for more conventional products (see, e.g.,Examples 6 and 7). Under allocation methodologies, a fraction oflifecycle emissions (generally emissions associated with processesupstream of the material diversion for co-product use) are allocated tothe various products (see, e.g., Examples 8 and 9).

Example 5 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Summary for Corn Ethanol (Baseline)

Table 4 shows a greenhouse gas emission (GHG) accounting summary for dryand wet mill corn ethanol. This summary serves as a baseline for theWCBP examples shown in Table 5-8. This summary is adapted from theCalifornia Air Resources Board 2009 “Detailed California-Modified GREETPathway for Corn Ethanol,” where the derivation of the values isprovided in detail.

TABLE 4 Corn Ethanol Fuel Cycle Components Dry Mill Process Wet MillProcess GHG (gCO2/MJ) GHG (gCO2/MJ) Well-to-tank Crop Cultivation 5.655.81 Chemical Inputs to Cultivation 30.2 31.35 Corn Transportation 2.222.28 Ethanol Production 38.3 48.78 Ethanol Transport & Storage 2.7 2.63Ethanol Production Co-products −11.51 −16.65 Total well-to-tank 67.674.2 Tank-to-wheel Ethanol Combustion 0 0 Total tank-to-wheel 0 0 Totalwell-to-wheel 67.6 74.2

In this example, the regulatory value for dry mill corn ethanol is 67.6gCO2/MJ and the regulatory value for wet mill corn ethanol is 74.2gCO2/MJ. The accounting shown in Table 4 (as well as Table 5-8) reflectsdirect emissions only. Additional emissions factors for indirectemissions (e.g., indirect land use change) can also be included withinan accounting framework, as can other combinations of direct emissions.For example, additional emissions factors or other accounting may alsobe included to represent increased fertilizer requirements to compensatefor nutrients removed with agricultural residues. In examples 5-9, theEthanol Combustion values assume all carbon in the fuel itself isbiogenic and therefore do not represent a net emission to theatmosphere.

Example 6 GHG Summary for Corn Ethanol (WCBP, Electricity Co-Product,System Expansion Methodology)

Table 5 shows a greenhouse gas emissions summary for dry and wet millcorn ethanol for a WCBP process where electricity is a co-product undera system expansion methodology.

TABLE 5 Corn Ethanol Fuel Cycle Components Dry Mill Process Wet MillProcess GHG (gCO2/MJ) GHG (gCO2/MJ) Well-to-tank Crop Cultivation 5.655.81 Chemical Inputs to Cultivation 30.2 31.35 Corn Transportation 2.222.28 Ethanol Production 38.3 48.78 Ethanol Transport & Storage 2.7 2.63Ethanol Production Co-products −11.51 −16.65 Residue Harvest & Storage1.70 1.74 Residue Transportation 2.22 2.28 Electricity production 0 0Electricity utilization/substitution −68.8 −66.3 Total well-to-tank 2.712.0 Tank-to-wheel Carbon in fuel 0 0 Total tank-to-wheel 0 0 Totalwell-to-wheel 2.7 12.0

In this example, the regulatory value for dry mill corn ethanol is 2.7gCO2/MJ and the regulatory value for wet mill corn ethanol is 12.0gCO2/MJ. In comparison to Example 5, the electricity co-product providesa significant benefit in terms of providing the corn ethanol with a morefavorable regulatory value than the baseline. Thus, the environmentaland accounting value of the co-product is large (e.g., dominates thecalculation of the regulatory value) and the environmental andaccounting cost of co-product production is small (e.g., less than thatof biofuel production and little effect on the regulatory value).

In this Example, the Residue Harvest & Storage value assumes thatresidue harvest requires 30% of the energy required (yielding 30% of theGHG emissions) for crop cultivation (e.g., corn farming) and has zerostorage losses. The Residue Transportation value assumes thattransportation emissions are equal to those for transporting the corn,based on 1:1 mass ratio (see below). However, emissions could besubstantially higher (e.g., due to substantially lower density ofstover, which could be mitigated by processing the agricultural residue)as well as differences in transportation mode (e.g., vehicle type,distance, and the like) and/or distance (in the case that biofuel andresidue processing facilities are not co-located). The Electricityproduction value assumes that all carbon emitted is biogenic and doesnot represent a net emission to the atmosphere. The Electricityutilization/substitution value assumes the substitution ofresidue-generated electricity for electricity generated from coal. Thederivation of the Electricity utilization/substitution value is shown inExample 7. Such variables, as well as other modification or variationsto a WCBP system, are readily accounted for by measuring or calculatingthe emissions/carbon intensity/sustainability of the system components.

Example 7 Computational Algorithm for Defining Emissions AccountingCredits Applied in the Context of the California Low Carbon FuelStandard (WCBP, Electricity Co-Product, System Expansion Methodology)

Table 6 shows an example of computational algorithm for definingemissions accounting credits produced by WCBP applied in the context ofthe California Low Carbon Fuel Standard (electricity co-product, systemexpansion methodology). The Carbon intensity of displaced electricityvalue reflects a direct substitution for electricity generation fromcoal (i.e., in this example, the residue is assumed to be co-fire in acoal fired power plant. Other values can be appropriate in othercircumstances such as substitution for grid average electricity). TheElectricity utilization/substitution values shown in Table 5 werecalculated according to the following methodology.

TABLE 6 Dry Mill Wet Mill Parameter Process Process Units AssumptionsStover:kernal mass ratio 1 1 kg(stover)/ kg(kernel) Fraction of stoverremoved 0.5 0.5 Corn kernel mass (dry) 21.5 21.5 kg/bu Corn ethanolyield 2.62 2.72 gal/bu Ethanol heat content 76330 76330 btu/gal Stoverheat content 15 15 MJ/kg Electricity conversion efficiency 0.3 0.3MJ(electricity)/ MJ(stover) Carbon intensity of displaced 300 300gCO2/MJ electricity (electricity displaced) Energy unit conversionfactor 947.8 947.8 btu/MJ Algorithm output Carbon intensity reduction68.8 66.3 gCO2/MJ(eth) from WCBP

In this example, the reduction in regulatory value for dry mill cornethanol is 68.8 gCO2/MJ and the reduction in regulatory value for wetmill corn ethanol is 66.3 gCO2/MJ. These values are used in Example 6.

In Example 7, the Assumptions are defined as follows: Stover:kernel massratio defines the ratio of corn stover yield to corn kernel yield on adry mass basis; Fraction of stover removed defines the fraction of cornstover removed from the field, with the remainder assumed to be left inplace to advance erosion protection, soil fertility, and otheragricultural objectives; Corn kernel mass (dry) defines the mass of abushel of corn kernels; Corn ethanol yield defines the ethanol producedper bushel of corn kernels; Ethanol heat content defines the heatingvalue of anhydrous ethanol produced—a lower heating value is used hereto be consistent with the standard applied under the California LowCarbon Fuel Standard; Stover heat content defines the heating value ofstover removed from the field—this could be defined on either a higherheating value or lower heating value basis, so long as the correspondingelectricity conversion efficiency is used; Electricity conversionefficiency defines the power plant-specific net energy efficiency ofconverting stover to electricity—this could be defined on either ahigher heating value or lower heating value basis, so long as thecorresponding stover heat content is used—in the case of stover co-firewith coal in a coal-fired power plant, this efficiency would likely besimilar to the conversion efficiency of coal, potentially discounted forthe relative moisture content of the stover (see Robinson, Keith, &Rhodes 2001); Carbon intensity of displaced electricity defines theemissions avoided by substituting electricity produced from corn stoverfor electricity that would otherwise be produced—in the case of stoverco-fire with coal in a coal-fired power plant, this would likely be theemissions intensity of electricity produced from coal in that powerplant; Energy unit conversion factor is used to convert between Imperialand metric units of measure for fuel heat content (btu or Britishthermal units and mega joules, respectively).

In Example 7, the algorithm output is the product of all of the factorslisted under “Assumptions” above, except “Corn Ethanol Yield” and“Ethanol Heat Content”, the inverses of which are multiplied by theproduct of the other factors in the algorithm. Example 7 shows one ofmany possible implementations of the algorithm. Other implementationscould be applied within the context of the California Low Carbon FuelStandard, and other implementations would almost certainly be requiredto utilize the invention in the context of fuel policies in otherjurisdictions (e.g., BC LCFS, UK RTFO and EU RED and FQD). In these andother embodiments, loss factors could be applied or other means ofaccounting for carbon losses or other GHG emissions from residue carbonlosses due to degradation during Residue Storage, transport, and thelike. Differences in GHG emissions from biomass transport, due to aprocess implementation warranting alternate assumptions, for example,would need to be reflected.

Example 8 GHG Summary for Corn Ethanol (WCBP, Electricity Co-Product,Mass Allocation Methodology)

Table 7 shows a greenhouse gas emissions summary for dry and wet millcorn ethanol for a WCBP process where electricity is a co-product undera mass allocation methodology. In this mass allocation example, theEthanol Production Co-products value is still based on system expansion,for consistency with the existing corn ethanol pathway defined by theCalifornia Air Resources Board.

TABLE 7 Corn Ethanol Fuel Cycle Components Dry Mill Process Wet MillProcess GHG (gCO2/MJ) GHG (gCO2/MJ) Well-to-tank Crop Cultivation 5.655.81 Chemical Inputs to Cultivation 30.2 31.35 Corn Transportation 2.222.28 Ethanol Production 38.3 48.78 Ethanol Transport & Storage 2.7 2.63Ethanol Production Co-products −11.51 −16.65 Emissions allocated toresidue −12.0 −12.4 co-product Total well-to-tank 55.6 61.8Tank-to-wheel Carbon in fuel 0 0 Total tank-to-wheel 0 0 Totalwell-to-wheel 55.6 61.8

In this example, the regulatory value for dry mill corn ethanol is 55.6gCO2/MJ and the regulatory value for wet mill corn ethanol is 61.8gCO2/MJ. The Emissions allocated to residue co-product (Emissions fromcrop cultivation and upstream processes are allocated to residueco-products (to be used for electricity production) pro-rata by mass, asdescribed below in Example 9. Here, emissions from handling of residueco-products are considered as part of the residue co-product supplychain and are not accounted for in biofuel emissions accounting.

Example 9 Computational Algorithm for Defining Emissions AccountingCredits Applied in the Context of the California Low Carbon FuelStandard (WCBP, Electricity Co-Product, Mass Allocation Methodology)

Table 8 shows an example of computational algorithm for definingemissions accounting credits produced by WCBP applied in the context ofthe California Low Carbon Fuel Standard (electricity co-product, massallocation methodology). The Emissions allocated to residue co-productvalues shown in Table 7 were calculated according to the followingmethodology.

TABLE 8 Dry Mill Wet Mill Parameter Process Process Units AssumptionsStover:kernel mass ratio 1 1 kg(stover)/ kg(kernel) Fraction of stoverremoved 0.5 0.5 Carbon intensity of whole crop 35.9 37.2 gCO2/MJ(eth)produced Algorithm output Carbon intensity reduction 12.0 12.4gCO2/MJ(eth) from WCBP

In this example, the reduction in regulatory value for dry mill cornethanol is 12.0 gCO2/MJ and the regulatory value for wet mill cornethanol is 12.4 gCO2/MJ.

In Example 9, the Assumptions are defined as follows: Stover:kernel massratio defines the ratio of corn stover yield to corn kernel yield on adry mass basis; fraction of stover removed defines the fraction of cornstover removed from the field, with the remainder assumed to be left inplace to advance erosion protection, soil fertility, and/or otheragricultural objectives; Carbon intensity of whole crop produced definesthe emissions embodied in the total agricultural products destined forproducts and co-products—in this example it equals the sum of emissionsfrom “Crop cultivation” and “Chemical inputs to agriculture.” E.g.,5.65+30.2=35.9. However, if an emissions accounting framework includesemissions factors for indirect effects of dedicating agriculturalproduction to biofuels (e.g., indirect land use change), then thisemissions factor might also be included in determining the “carbonintensity of whole crop produced.”

The Algorithm output is equal to the product of the “Carbon intensity ofwhole crop produced” and the mass ratio of stover dedicated toco-products to all agricultural outputs destined for products orco-products—in this case the mass ratio is equal to 0.5 (the mass ofagricultural residues removed per mass unit of kernels produced forethanol) divided by 1.5 (the mass of all agricultural outputs destinedfor products or co-products per mass unit of kernels produced forethanol). E.g., 35.9*(0.5/1.5)=12.0.

The foregoing examples present illustrative embodiments of the inventionand numerous other embodiments are readily implementable, using theteachings and suggestions of this disclosure. For example, otherembodiments can exist within the California Low carbon fuel standard, aswell as in the context of similar and analogous fuel policies in otherjurisdictions (e.g., UK RTFO and EU RED and FQD). Likewise, otherembodiments can account for different combinations of system components.For example, loss factors could be applied to reflect residue carbonlosses due to degradation during Residue Storage, transport, and thelike.

While the technology has been particularly shown and described withreference to specific embodiments, it should be understood by thoseskilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be madewithout departing from the spirit and scope of the technology as definedby the appended claims.

Exhibit A: Defining components of sample Whole Crop Biofuel Productionsystems Components in existing or proposed biofuel production systemsComponents associated with agricultural Primary Primary Residue biofuelconversion Agricultural utilization Residue-drived co- feedstock processPrimary biofuel(s) Processing co-products residues technology productsCorn/ fermentation Bio-alcohols (ethanol, Any combination of: vegetableoils Stalks, Comustion Heat, power, &/or maize butanol, etc.); &/orand/or oil-derived fuels and stems, with coal electricity secondaryfuels chemicals; human or animal food leaves, cobs, (coal biomassderived from primary products (e.g., syrups, grain meal and/ stover,etc. co-fire) in bio-alcohol products or distillers grains); cellulose-pulvarized (e.g., ethanol-derived derived polymers and chemicals; coalor other gasoline substitutes) secondary fuels or chemicals derived typeboiler from primary Corn/ fermentation Bio-alcohols (ethanol, Anycombination of: vegetable oils Stalks, Combustion Heat, power, &/ormaize butanol, etc.); &/or and/or oil-derived fuels and stems, withother electricity secondary fuels chemicals; human or animal foodleaves, cobs, bimass in a derived from primary products (e.g., syrups,grain meal and/ stover, etc. biomass bio-alcohol products or distillersgrains); cellulose- boiler (e.g., ethanol-derived derived polymers andchemicals; gasoline substitutes) secondary fuels or chemicals derivedfrom primary Corn/ fermentation Bio-alcohols (ethanol, Any combinationof: vegetable oils Stalks, Combustion Heat, power, &/or maize butanol,etc.); &/or and/or oil-derived fuels and stems, in a stand electricitysecondary fuels chemicals; human or animal food leaves, cobs, aloneboiler derived from primary products (e.g., syrups, grain meal and/stover, etc. bio-alcohol products or distillers grains); cellulose-(e.g., ethanol-derived derived polymers and chemicals; gasolinesubstitutes) secondary fuels or chemicals derived from primary Corn/fermentation Bio-alcohols (ethanol, Any combination of: vegetable oilsStalks, Pyrolysis bio-solids (e.g., maize butanol, etc.); &/or and/oroil-derived fuels and stems, bio-char), bio- secondary fuels chemicals;human or animal food leaves, cobs, liquids (e.g., bio- derived fromprimary products (e.g., syrups, grain meal and/ stover, etc. oil), &/orbio- bio-alcohol products or distillers grains); cellulose- gases (non-(e.g., ethanol-derived derived polymers and chemicals; condensinggasoline substitutes) secondary fuels or chemicals derivedhydrocarbons); from primary fuels or chemicals derived from solid,liquid, or gaseous primary products. Corn/ fermentation Bio-alcohols(ethanol, Any combination of: vegetable oils Stalks, Torrefactiontorrefied biomass; maize butanol, etc.); &/or and/or oil-derived fuelsand stems, heat, power, &/or secondary fuels chemicals; human or animalfood leaves, cobs, electricity derived from primary products (e.g.,syrups, grain meal and/ stover, etc. bio-alcohol products or distillersgrains); cellulose- (e.g., ethanol-derived derived polymers andchemicals; gasoline substitutes) secondary fuels or chemicals derivedfrom primary Corn/ fermentation Bio-alcohols (ethanol, Any combinationof: vegetable oils Stalks, Carbonization bio-coal, bio- maize butanol,etc.); &/or and/or oil-derived fuels and stems, liquids, and bio-secondary fuels chemicals; human or animal food leaves, cobs, gases;secondary derived from primary products (e.g., syrups, grain meal and/stover, etc. products derived bio-alcohol products or distillersgrains); cellulose- from primary (e.g., ethanol-derived derived polymersand chemicals; solid, liquid, and gasoline substitutes) secondary fuelsor chemicals derived gaseous products. from primary Corn/ fermentationBio-alcohols (ethanol, Any combination of: vegetable oils Stalks, Hydro-bio-solids, bio- maize butanol, etc.); &/or and/or oil-derived fuels andstems, thermal oils &/or bio- secondary fuels chemicals; human or animalfood leaves, cobs, upgrading gases; secondary derived from primaryproducts (e.g., syrups, grain meal and/ stover, etc. products derivedbio-alcohol products or distillers grains); cellulose- from primary bio-(e.g., ethanol-derived derived polymers and chemicals; solids, liquids,gasoline substitutes) secondary fuels or chemicals derived &/or gasesfrom primary Corn/ fermentation Bio-alcohols (ethanol, Any combinationof: vegetable oils Stalks, Gasification Synthesis gas and maize butanol,etc.); &/or and/or oil-derived fuels and stems, secondary secondaryfuels chemicals; human or animal food leaves, cobs, products derivedderived from primary products (e.g., syrups, grain meal and/ stover,etc. from synthesis gas bio-alcohol products or distillers grains);cellulose- (e.g., synthetic (e.g., ethanol-derived derived polymers andchemicals; natural gas) gasoline substitutes) secondary fuels orchemicals derived from primary Corn/ fermentation Bio-alcohols (ethanol,Any combination of: vegetable oils Stalks, Gasification Heat, power,&/or maize butanol, etc.); &/or and/or oil-derived fuels and stems, &combustion electricity secondary fuels chemicals; human or animal foodleaves, cobs, (e.g., IGCC) derived from primary products (e.g., syrups,grain meal and/ stover, etc. bio-alcohol products or distillers grains);cellulose- (e.g., ethanol-derived derived polymers and chemicals;gasoline substitutes) secondary fuels or chemicals derived from primaryCorn/ fermentation Bio-alcohols (ethanol, Any combination of: vegetableoils Stalks, Gasification liquid &/or maize butanol, etc.); &/or and/oroil-derived fuels and stems, & synthesis of gaseous fuels secondaryfuels chemicals; human or animal food leaves, cobs, fuels or (e.g., FTdiesel & derived from primary products (e.g., syrups, grain meal and/stover, etc. chemicals naphtha; bio- bio-alcohol products or distillersgrains); cellulose- alcohols, DME, (e.g., ethanol-derived derivedpolymers and chemicals; etc.) &/or gasoline substitutes) secondary fuelsor chemicals derived chemicals from primary Corn/ fermentationBio-alcohols (ethanol, Any combination of: vegetable oils Stalks,Liquefaction solid, liquid, &/or maize butanol, etc.); &/or and/oroil-derived fuels and stems, gaseous fuels secondary fuels chemicals;human or animal food leaves, cobs, &/or chemicals; derived from primaryproducts (e.g., syrups, grain meal and/ stover, etc. secondarybio-alcohol products or distillers grains); cellulose- products derived(e.g., ethanol-derived derived polymers and chemicals; from primarygasoline substitutes) secondary fuels or chemicals derived solid,liquid, and from primary gaseous products. Corn/ fermentationBio-alcohols (ethanol, Any combination of: vegetable oils Stalks,Fermentation Bio-alcohols, bio- maize butanol, etc.); &/or and/oroil-derived fuels and stems, (by various solids, &/or CO2; secondaryfuels chemicals; human or animal food leaves, cobs, technologicalsecondary derived from primary products (e.g., syrups, grain meal and/stover, etc. routes & products derived bio-alcohol products ordistillers grains); cellulose- component from primary (e.g.,ethanol-derived derived polymers and chemicals; technologies) products.gasoline substitutes) secondary fuels or chemicals derived from primaryCorn/ fermentation Bio-alcohols (ethanol, Any combination of: vegetableoils Stalks, Bio-digestion Bio-gas; synthetic maize butanol, etc.); &/orand/or oil-derived fuels and stems, liquids &/or secondary fuelschemicals; human or animal food leaves, cobs, gaseous fuels or derivedfrom primary products (e.g., syrups, grain meal and/ stover, etc.chemicals derived bio-alcohol products or distillers grains); cellulose-from bio-gas; (e.g., ethanol-derived derived polymers and chemicals;heat, power, &/or gasoline substitutes) secondary fuels or chemicalsderived electricity from primary Corn/ fermentation Bio-alcohols(ethanol, Any combination of: vegetable oils Stalks, Solid PhaseSequestered maize butanol, etc.); &/or and/or oil-derived fuels andstems, Biomass biomass carbon secondary fuels chemicals; human or animalfood leaves, cobs, Carbon and secondary derived from primary products(e.g., syrups, grain meal and/ stover, etc. Storage products bio-alcoholproducts or distillers grains); cellulose- subsequendly (e.g.,ethanol-derived derived polymers and chemicals; produced gasolinesubstitutes) secondary fuels or chemicals derived from primary SugarcaneFermentation Bio-alcohols (ethanol, Any combination of: sugar; syrups;Stalks, Comustion Heat, power, &/or butanol, etc.); &/or molasses;animal feed; solid fuels; stems, with coal electricity secondary fuelsheat, power, &/or electricity; leaves, cane (coal biomass derived fromprimary cellulose-derived polymers and trash, co-fire) in bio-alcoholproducts chemicals; secondary fuels or bagasse, etc. pulvarized (e.g.,ethanol-derived chemicals derived from primary bio- coal or othergasoline substitutes) alcohols (e.g., ethanol-derived type boilergasoline substitutes); C Sugarcane Fermentation Bio-alcohols (ethanol,Any combination of: sugar; syrups; Stalks, Combustion Heat, power, &/orbutanol, etc.); &/or molasses; animal feed; solid fuels; stems, withother electricity secondary fuels heat, power, &/or electricity; leaves,cane bimass in a derived from primary cellulose-derived polymers andtrash, biomass bio-alcohol products chemicals; secondary fuels orbagasse, etc. boiler (e.g., ethanol-derived chemicals derived fromprimary bio- gasoline substitutes) alcohols (e.g., ethanol-derivedgasoline substitutes); C Sugarcane Fermentation Bio-alcohols (ethanol,Any combination of: sugar; syrups; Stalks, Combustion Heat, power, &/orbutanol, etc.); &/or molasses; animal feed; solid fuels; stems, in astand electricity secondary fuels heat, power, &/or electricity; leaves,cane alone boiler derived from primary cellulose-derived polymers andtrash, bio-alcohol products chemicals; secondary fuels or bagasse, etc.(e.g., ethanol-derived chemicals derived from primary bio- gasolinesubstitutes) alcohols (e.g., ethanol-derived gasoline substitutes); CSugarcane Fermentation Bio-alcohols (ethanol, Any combination of: sugar;syrups; Stalks, Pyrolysis bio-solids (e.g., butanol, etc.); &/ormolasses; animal feed; solid fuels; stems, bio-char), bio- secondaryfuels heat, power, &/or electricity; leaves, cane liquids (e.g., bio-derived from primary cellulose-derived polymers and trash, oil), &/orbio- bio-alcohol products chemicals; secondary fuels or bagasse, etc.gases (non- (e.g., ethanol-derived chemicals derived from primary bio-condensing gasoline substitutes) alcohols (e.g., ethanol-derivedhydrocarbons); gasoline substitutes); C fuels or chemicals derived fromsolid, liquid, or gaseous primary products. Sugarcane FermentationBio-alcohols (ethanol, Any combination of: sugar; syrups; Stalks,Torrefaction torrefied biomass; butanol, etc.); &/or molasses; animalfeed; solid fuels; stems, heat, power, &/or secondary fuels heat, power,&/or electricity; leaves, cane electricity derived from primarycellulose-derived polymers and trash, bio-alcohol products chemicals;secondary fuels or bagasse, etc. (e.g., ethanol-derived chemicalsderived from primary bio- gasoline substitutes) alcohols (e.g.,ethanol-derived gasoline substitutes); C Sugarcane FermentationBio-alcohols (ethanol, Any combination of: sugar; syrups; Stalks,Carbonization bio-coal, bio- butanol, etc.); &/or molasses; animal feed;solid fuels; stems, liquids, and bio- secondary fuels heat, power, &/orelectricity; leaves, cane gases; secondary derived from primarycellulose-derived polymers and trash, products derived bio-alcoholproducts chemicals; secondary fuels or bagasse, etc. from primary (e.g.,ethanol-derived chemicals derived from primary bio- solid, liquid, andgasoline substitutes) alcohols (e.g., ethanol-derived gaseous products.gasoline substitutes); C Sugarcane Fermentation Bio-alcohols (ethanol,Any combination of: sugar; syrups; Stalks, Hydro- bio-solids, bio-butanol, etc.); &/or molasses; animal feed; solid fuels; stems, thermaloils &/or bio- secondary fuels heat, power, &/or electricity; leaves,cane upgrading gases; secondary derived from primary cellulose-derivedpolymers and trash, products derived bio-alcohol products chemicals;secondary fuels or bagasse, etc. from primary bio- (e.g.,ethanol-derived chemicals derived from primary bio- solids, liquids,gasoline substitutes) alcohols (e.g., ethanol-derived &/or gasesgasoline substitutes); C Sugarcane Fermentation Bio-alcohols (ethanol,Any combination of: sugar; syrups; Stalks, Gasification Synthesis gasand butanol, etc.); &/or molasses; animal feed; solid fuels; stems,secondary secondary fuels heat, power, &/or electricity; leaves, caneproducts derived derived from primary cellulose-derived polymers andtrash, from synthesis gas bio-alcohol products chemicals; secondaryfuels or bagasse, etc. (e.g., synthetic (e.g., ethanol-derived chemicalsderived from primary bio- natural gas) gasoline substitutes) alcohols(e.g., ethanol-derived gasoline substitutes); C Sugarcane FermentationBio-alcohols (ethanol, Any combination of: sugar; syrups; Stalks,Gasification Heat, power, &/or butanol, etc.); &/or molasses; animalfeed; solid fuels; stems, & combustion electricity secondary fuels heat,power, &/or electricity; leaves, cane (e.g., IGCC) derived from primarycellulose-derived polymers and trash, bio-alcohol products chemicals;secondary fuels or bagasse, etc. (e.g., ethanol-derived chemicalsderived from primary bio- gasoline substitutes) alcohols (e.g.,ethanol-derived gasoline substitutes); C Sugarcane FermentationBio-alcohols (ethanol, Any combination of: sugar; syrups; Stalks,Gasification liquid &/or butanol, etc.); &/or molasses; animal feed;solid fuels; stems, & synthesis of gaseous fuels secondary fuels heat,power, &/or electricity; leaves, cane fuels or (e.g., FT diesel &derived from primary cellulose-derived polymers and trash, chemicalsnaphtha; bio- bio-alcohol products chemicals; secondary fuels orbagasse, etc. alcohols, DME, (e.g., ethanol-derived chemicals derivedfrom primary bio- etc.) &/or gasoline substitutes) alcohols (e.g.,ethanol-derived chemicals gasoline substitutes); C SugarcaneFermentation Bio-alcohols (ethanol, Any combination of: sugar; syrups;Stalks, Liquefaction solid, liquid, &/or butanol, etc.); &/or molasses;animal feed; solid fuels; stems, gaseous fuels secondary fuels heat,power, &/or electricity; leaves, cane &/or chemicals; derived fromprimary cellulose-derived polymers and trash, secondary bio-alcoholproducts chemicals; secondary fuels or bagasse, etc. products derived(e.g., ethanol-derived chemicals derived from primary bio- from primarygasoline substitutes) alcohols (e.g., ethanol-derived solid, liquid, andgasoline substitutes); C gaseous products. Sugarcane FermentationBio-alcohols (ethanol, Any combination of: sugar; syrups; Stalks,Fermentation Bio-alcohols, bio- butanol, etc.); &/or molasses; animalfeed; solid fuels; stems, (by various solids, &/or CO2; secondary fuelsheat, power, &/or electricity; leaves, cane technological secondaryderived from primary cellulose-derived polymers and trash, routes &products derived bio-alcohol products chemicals; secondary fuels orbagasse, etc. component from primary (e.g., ethanol-derived chemicalsderived from primary bio- technologies) products. gasoline substitutes)alcohols (e.g., ethanol-derived gasoline substitutes); C SugarcaneFermentation Bio-alcohols (ethanol, Any combination of: sugar; syrups;Stalks, Bio-digestion Bio-gas; synthetic butanol, etc.); &/or molasses;animal feed; solid fuels; stems, liquids &/or secondary fuels heat,power, &/or electricity; leaves, cane gaseous fuels or derived fromprimary cellulose-derived polymers and trash, chemicals derivedbio-alcohol products chemicals; secondary fuels or bagasse, etc. frombio-gas; (e.g., ethanol-derived chemicals derived from primary bio-heat, power, &/or gasoline substitutes) alcohols (e.g., ethanol-derivedelectricity gasoline substitutes); C Sugarcane Fermentation Bio-alcohols(ethanol, Any combination of: sugar; syrups; Stalks, Solid PhaseSequestered butanol, etc.); &/or molasses; animal feed; solid fuels;stems, Biomass biomass carbon secondary fuels heat, power, &/orelectricity; leaves, cane Carbon and secondary derived from primarycellulose-derived polymers and trash, Storage products bio-alcoholproducts chemicals; secondary fuels or bagasse, etc. subsequendly (e.g.,ethanol-derived chemicals derived from primary bio- produced gasolinesubstitutes) alcohols (e.g., ethanol-derived gasoline substitutes); CWheat Fermentation Bio-alcohols (ethanol, Any combination of: human &/orStems, Comustion Heat, power, &/or butanol, etc.); &/or animal foodproducts (e.g., syrups, leaves, with coal electricity secondary fuelsdistillers grains & solubles, etc.); straw, husks, (coal biomass derivedfrom primary solid fuels; heat, power, &/or bran, etc. co-fire) inbio-alcohol products electricity; cellulose-derived pulvarized (e.g.,ethanol-derived polymers and chemicals; secondary coal or other gasolinesubstitutes) fuels or chemicals derived from type boiler primarybio-alcohols (e Wheat Fermentation Bio-alcohols (ethanol, Anycombination of: human &/or Stems, Combustion Heat, power, &/or butanol,etc.); &/or animal food products (e.g., syrups, leaves, with otherelectricity secondary fuels distillers grains & solubles, etc.); straw,husks, bimass in a derived from primary solid fuels; heat, power, &/orbran, etc. biomass bio-alcohol products electricity; cellulose-derivedboiler (e.g., ethanol-derived polymers and chemicals; secondary gasolinesubstitutes) fuels or chemicals derived from primary bio-alcohols (eWheat Fermentation Bio-alcohols (ethanol, Any combination of: human &/orStems, Combustion Heat, power, &/or butanol, etc.); &/or animal foodproducts (e.g., syrups, leaves, in a stand electricity secondary fuelsdistillers grains & solubles, etc.); straw, husks, alone boiler derivedfrom primary solid fuels; heat, power, &/or bran, etc. bio-alcoholproducts electricity; cellulose-derived (e.g., ethanol-derived polymersand chemicals; secondary gasoline substitutes) fuels or chemicalsderived from primary bio-alcohols (e Wheat Fermentation Bio-alcohols(ethanol, Any combination of: human &/or Stems, Pyrolysis bio-solids(e.g., butanol, etc.); &/or animal food products (e.g., syrups, leaves,bio-char), bio- secondary fuels distillers grains & solubles, etc.);straw, husks, liquids (e.g., bio- derived from primary solid fuels;heat, power, &/or bran, etc. oil), &/or bio- bio-alcohol productselectricity; cellulose-derived gases (non- (e.g., ethanol-derivedpolymers and chemicals; secondary condensing gasoline substitutes) fuelsor chemicals derived from hydrocarbons); primary bio-alcohols (e fuelsor chemicals derived from solid, liquid, or gaseous primary products.Wheat Fermentation Bio-alcohols (ethanol, Any combination of: human &/orStems, Torrefaction torrefied biomass; butanol, etc.); &/or animal foodproducts (e.g., syrups, leaves, heat, power, &/or secondary fuelsdistillers grains & solubles, etc.); straw, husks, electricity derivedfrom primary solid fuels; heat, power, &/or bran, etc. bio-alcoholproducts electricity; cellulose-derived (e.g., ethanol-derived polymersand chemicals; secondary gasoline substitutes) fuels or chemicalsderived from primary bio-alcohols (e Wheat Fermentation Bio-alcohols(ethanol, Any combination of: human &/or Stems, Carbonization bio-coal,bio- butanol, etc.); &/or animal food products (e.g., syrups, leaves,liquids, and bio- secondary fuels distillers grains & solubles, etc.);straw, husks, gases; secondary derived from primary solid fuels; heat,power, &/or bran, etc. products derived bio-alcohol productselectricity; cellulose-derived from primary (e.g., ethanol-derivedpolymers and chemicals; secondary solid, liquid, and gasolinesubstitutes) fuels or chemicals derived from gaseous products. primarybio-alcohols (e Wheat Fermentation Bio-alcohols (ethanol, Anycombination of: human &/or Stems, Hydro- bio-solids, bio- butanol,etc.); &/or animal food products (e.g., syrups, leaves, thermal oils&/or bio- secondary fuels distillers grains & solubles, etc.); straw,husks, upgrading gases; secondary derived from primary solid fuels;heat, power, &/or bran, etc. products derived bio-alcohol productselectricity; cellulose-derived from primary bio- (e.g., ethanol-derivedpolymers and chemicals; secondary solids, liquids, gasoline substitutes)fuels or chemicals derived from &/or gases primary bio-alcohols (e WheatFermentation Bio-alcohols (ethanol, Any combination of: human &/orStems, Gasification Synthesis gas and butanol, etc.); &/or animal foodproducts (e.g., syrups, leaves, secondary secondary fuels distillersgrains & solubles, etc.); straw, husks, products derived derived fromprimary solid fuels; heat, power, &/or bran, etc. from synthesis gasbio-alcohol products electricity; cellulose-derived (e.g., synthetic(e.g., ethanol-derived polymers and chemicals; secondary natural gas)gasoline substitutes) fuels or chemicals derived from primarybio-alcohols (e Wheat Fermentation Bio-alcohols (ethanol, Anycombination of: human &/or Stems, Gasification Heat, power, &/orbutanol, etc.); &/or animal food products (e.g., syrups, leaves, &combustion electricity secondary fuels distillers grains & solubles,etc.); straw, husks, (e.g., IGCC) derived from primary solid fuels;heat, power, &/or bran, etc. bio-alcohol products electricity;cellulose-derived (e.g., ethanol-derived polymers and chemicals;secondary gasoline substitutes) fuels or chemicals derived from primarybio-alcohols (e Wheat Fermentation Bio-alcohols (ethanol, Anycombination of: human &/or Stems, Gasification liquid &/or butanol,etc.); &/or animal food products (e.g., syrups, leaves, & synthesis ofgaseous fuels secondary fuels distillers grains & solubles, etc.);straw, husks, fuels or (e.g., FT diesel & derived from primary solidfuels; heat, power, &/or bran, etc. chemicals naphtha; bio- bio-alcoholproducts electricity; cellulose-derived alcohols, DME, (e.g.,ethanol-derived polymers and chemicals; secondary etc.) &/or gasolinesubstitutes) fuels or chemicals derived from chemicals primarybio-alcohols (e Wheat Fermentation Bio-alcohols (ethanol, Anycombination of: human &/or Stems, Liquefaction solid, liquid, &/orbutanol, etc.); &/or animal food products (e.g., syrups, leaves, gaseousfuels secondary fuels distillers grains & solubles, etc.); straw, husks,&/or chemicals; derived from primary solid fuels; heat, power, &/orbran, etc. secondary bio-alcohol products electricity; cellulose-derivedproducts derived (e.g., ethanol-derived polymers and chemicals;secondary from primary gasoline substitutes) fuels or chemicals derivedfrom solid, liquid, and primary bio-alcohols (e gaseous products. WheatFermentation Bio-alcohols (ethanol, Any combination of: human &/orStems, Fermentation Bio-alcohols, bio- butanol, etc.); &/or animal foodproducts (e.g., syrups, leaves, (by various solids, &/or CO2; secondaryfuels distillers grains & solubles, etc.); straw, husks, technologicalsecondary derived from primary solid fuels; heat, power, &/or bran, etc.routes & products derived bio-alcohol products electricity;cellulose-derived component from primary (e.g., ethanol-derived polymersand chemicals; secondary technologies) products. gasoline substitutes)fuels or chemicals derived from primary bio-alcohols (e WheatFermentation Bio-alcohols (ethanol, Any combination of: human &/orStems, Bio-digestion Bio-gas; synthetic butanol, etc.); &/or animal foodproducts (e.g., syrups, leaves, liquids &/or secondary fuels distillersgrains & solubles, etc.); straw, husks, gaseous fuels or derived fromprimary solid fuels; heat, power, &/or bran, etc. chemicals derivedbio-alcohol products electricity; cellulose-derived from bio-gas; (e.g.,ethanol-derived polymers and chemicals; secondary heat, power, &/orgasoline substitutes) fuels or chemicals derived from electricityprimary bio-alcohols (e Wheat Fermentation Bio-alcohols (ethanol, Anycombination of: human &/or Stems, Solid Phase Sequestered butanol,etc.); &/or animal food products (e.g., syrups, leaves, Biomass biomasscarbon secondary fuels distillers grains & solubles, etc.); straw,husks, Carbon and secondary derived from primary solid fuels; heat,power, &/or bran, etc. Storage products bio-alcohol productselectricity; cellulose-derived subsequendly (e.g., ethanol-derivedpolymers and chemicals; secondary produced gasoline substitutes) fuelsor chemicals derived from primary bio-alcohols (e Sugar FermentationBio-alcohols (ethanol, Any combination of: human or Leaves, ComustionHeat, power, &/or beet butanol, etc.); &/or animal food products (e.g.,pulp); crowns, etc. with coal electricity secondary fuels & fertilizers(e.g., vinasse); chalk; (coal biomass derived from primary secondaryfuels or chemicals from co-fire) in bio-alcohol products primarybio-alcohol products (e.g., pulvarized (e.g., ethanol-derivedethanol-derived gasoline substitutes); coal or other gasolinesubstitutes) etc. type boiler Sugar Fermentation Bio-alcohols (ethanol,Any combination of: human or Leaves, Combustion Heat, power, &/or beetbutanol, etc.); &/or animal food products (e.g., pulp); crowns, etc.with other electricity secondary fuels & fertilizers (e.g., vinasse);chalk; bimass in a derived from primary secondary fuels or chemicalsfrom biomass bio-alcohol products primary bio-alcohol products (e.g.,boiler (e.g., ethanol-derived ethanol-derived gasoline substitutes);gasoline substitutes) etc. Sugar Fermentation Bio-alcohols (ethanol, Anycombination of: human or Leaves, Combustion Heat, power, &/or beetbutanol, etc.); &/or animal food products (e.g., pulp); crowns, etc. ina stand electricity secondary fuels & fertilizers (e.g., vinasse);chalk; alone boiler derived from primary secondary fuels or chemicalsfrom bio-alcohol products primary bio-alcohol products (e.g., (e.g.,ethanol-derived ethanol-derived gasoline substitutes); gasolinesubstitutes) etc. Sugar Fermentation Bio-alcohols (ethanol, Anycombination of: human or Leaves, Pyrolysis bio-solids (e.g., beetbutanol, etc.); &/or animal food products (e.g., pulp); crowns, etc.bio-char), bio- secondary fuels & fertilizers (e.g., vinasse); chalk;liquids (e.g., bio- derived from primary secondary fuels or chemicalsfrom oil), &/or bio- bio-alcohol products primary bio-alcohol products(e.g., gases (non- (e.g., ethanol-derived ethanol-derived gasolinesubstitutes); condensing gasoline substitutes) etc. hydrocarbons); fuelsor chemicals derived from solid, liquid, or gaseous primary products.Sugar Fermentation Bio-alcohols (ethanol, Any combination of: human orLeaves, Torrefaction torrefied biomass; beet butanol, etc.); &/or animalfood products (e.g., pulp); crowns, etc. heat, power, &/or secondaryfuels & fertilizers (e.g., vinasse); chalk; electricity derived fromprimary secondary fuels or chemicals from bio-alcohol products primarybio-alcohol products (e.g., (e.g., ethanol-derived ethanol-derivedgasoline substitutes); gasoline substitutes) etc. Sugar FermentationBio-alcohols (ethanol, Any combination of: human or Leaves,Carbonization bio-coal, bio- beet butanol, etc.); &/or animal foodproducts (e.g., pulp); crowns, etc. liquids, and bio- secondary fuels &fertilizers (e.g., vinasse); chalk; gases; secondary derived fromprimary secondary fuels or chemicals from products derived bio-alcoholproducts primary bio-alcohol products (e.g., from primary (e.g.,ethanol-derived ethanol-derived gasoline substitutes); solid, liquid,and gasoline substitutes) etc. gaseous products. Sugar FermentationBio-alcohols (ethanol, Any combination of: human or Leaves, Hydro-bio-solids, bio- beet butanol, etc.); &/or animal food products (e.g.,pulp); crowns, etc. thermal oils &/or bio- secondary fuels & fertilizers(e.g., vinasse); chalk; upgrading gases; secondary derived from primarysecondary fuels or chemicals from products derived bio-alcohol productsprimary bio-alcohol products (e.g., from primary bio- (e.g.,ethanol-derived ethanol-derived gasoline substitutes); solids, liquids,gasoline substitutes) etc. &/or gases Sugar Fermentation Bio-alcohols(ethanol, Any combination of: human or Leaves, Gasification Synthesisgas and beet butanol, etc.); &/or animal food products (e.g., pulp);crowns, etc. secondary secondary fuels & fertilizers (e.g., vinasse);chalk; products derived derived from primary secondary fuels orchemicals from from synthesis gas bio-alcohol products primarybio-alcohol products (e.g., (e.g., synthetic (e.g., ethanol-derivedethanol-derived gasoline substitutes); natural gas) gasolinesubstitutes) etc. Sugar Fermentation Bio-alcohols (ethanol, Anycombination of: human or Leaves, Gasification Heat, power, &/or beetbutanol, etc.); &/or animal food products (e.g., pulp); crowns, etc. &combustion electricity secondary fuels & fertilizers (e.g., vinasse);chalk; (e.g., IGCC) derived from primary secondary fuels or chemicalsfrom bio-alcohol products primary bio-alcohol products (e.g., (e.g.,ethanol-derived ethanol-derived gasoline substitutes); gasolinesubstitutes) etc. Sugar Fermentation Bio-alcohols (ethanol, Anycombination of: human or Leaves, Gasification liquid &/or beet butanol,etc.); &/or animal food products (e.g., pulp); crowns, etc. & synthesisof gaseous fuels secondary fuels & fertilizers (e.g., vinasse); chalk;fuels or (e.g., FT diesel & derived from primary secondary fuels orchemicals from chemicals naphtha; bio- bio-alcohol products primarybio-alcohol products (e.g., alcohols, DME, (e.g., ethanol-derivedethanol-derived gasoline substitutes); etc.) &/or gasoline substitutes)etc. chemicals Sugar Fermentation Bio-alcohols (ethanol, Any combinationof: human or Leaves, Liquefaction solid, liquid, &/or beet butanol,etc.); &/or animal food products (e.g., pulp); crowns, etc. gaseousfuels secondary fuels & fertilizers (e.g., vinasse); chalk; &/orchemicals; derived from primary secondary fuels or chemicals fromsecondary bio-alcohol products primary bio-alcohol products (e.g.,products derived (e.g., ethanol-derived ethanol-derived gasolinesubstitutes); from primary gasoline substitutes) etc. solid, liquid, andgaseous products. Sugar Fermentation Bio-alcohols (ethanol, Anycombination of: human or Leaves, Fermentation Bio-alcohols, bio- beetbutanol, etc.); &/or animal food products (e.g., pulp); crowns, etc. (byvarious solids, &/or CO2; secondary fuels & fertilizers (e.g., vinasse);chalk; technological secondary derived from primary secondary fuels orchemicals from routes & products derived bio-alcohol products primarybio-alcohol products (e.g., component from primary (e.g.,ethanol-derived ethanol-derived gasoline substitutes); technologies)products. gasoline substitutes) etc. Sugar Fermentation Bio-alcohols(ethanol, Any combination of: human or Leaves, Bio-digestion Bio-gas;synthetic beet butanol, etc.); &/or animal food products (e.g., pulp);crowns, etc. liquids &/or secondary fuels & fertilizers (e.g., vinasse);chalk; gaseous fuels or derived from primary secondary fuels orchemicals from chemicals derived bio-alcohol products primarybio-alcohol products (e.g., from bio-gas; (e.g., ethanol-derivedethanol-derived gasoline substitutes); heat, power, &/or gasolinesubstitutes) etc. electricity Sugar Fermentation Bio-alcohols (ethanol,Any combination of: human or Leaves, Solid Phase Sequestered beetbutanol, etc.); &/or animal food products (e.g., pulp); crowns, etc.Biomass biomass carbon secondary fuels & fertilizers (e.g., vinasse);chalk; Carbon and secondary derived from primary secondary fuels orchemicals from Storage products bio-alcohol products primary bio-alcoholproducts (e.g., subsequendly (e.g., ethanol-derived ethanol-derivedgasoline substitutes); produced gasoline substitutes) etc. Soybeantrans- Fatty acid methyl Any combination of: human or Stems, ComustionHeat, power, &/or esterification esters (bio-diesel); animal foodproducts (e.g., oil cake, leaves, pods, with coal electricity fuels &/orchemicals soy meal, etc.); glycerine; secondary hulls, etc. (coalbiomass derived from bio- fuels or chemicals derived from bio- co-fire)in diesel diesel or vegetable oil; etc. pulvarized coal or other typeboiler Soybean trans- Fatty acid methyl Any combination of: human orStems, Combustion Heat, power, &/or esterification esters (bio-diesel);animal food products (e.g., oil cake, leaves, pods, with otherelectricity fuels &/or chemicals soy meal, etc.); glycerine; secondaryhulls, etc. bimass in a derived from bio- fuels or chemicals derivedfrom bio- biomass diesel diesel or vegetable oil; etc. boiler Soybeantrans- Fatty acid methyl Any combination of: human or Stems, CombustionHeat, power, &/or esterification esters (bio-diesel); animal foodproducts (e.g., oil cake, leaves, pods, in a stand electricity fuels&/or chemicals soy meal, etc.); glycerine; secondary hulls, etc. aloneboiler derived from bio- fuels or chemicals derived from bio- dieseldiesel or vegetable oil; etc. Soybean trans- Fatty acid methyl Anycombination of: human or Stems, Pyrolysis bio-solids (e.g.,esterification esters (bio-diesel); animal food products (e.g., oilcake, leaves, pods, bio-char), bio- fuels &/or chemicals soy meal,etc.); glycerine; secondary hulls, etc. liquids (e.g., bio- derived frombio- fuels or chemicals derived from bio- oil), &/or bio- diesel dieselor vegetable oil; etc. gases (non- condensing hydrocarbons); fuels orchemicals derived from solid, liquid, or gaseous primary products.Soybean trans- Fatty acid methyl Any combination of: human or Stems,Torrefaction torrefied biomass; esterification esters (bio-diesel);animal food products (e.g., oil cake, leaves, pods, heat, power, &/orfuels &/or chemicals soy meal, etc.); glycerine; secondary hulls, etc.electricity derived from bio- fuels or chemicals derived from bio-diesel diesel or vegetable oil; etc. Soybean trans- Fatty acid methylAny combination of: human or Stems, Carbonization bio-coal, bio-esterification esters (bio-diesel); animal food products (e.g., oilcake, leaves, pods, liquids, and bio- fuels &/or chemicals soy meal,etc.); glycerine; secondary hulls, etc. gases; secondary derived frombio- fuels or chemicals derived from bio- products derived diesel dieselor vegetable oil; etc. from primary solid, liquid, and gaseous products.Soybean trans- Fatty acid methyl Any combination of: human or Stems,Hydro- bio-solids, bio- esterification esters (bio-diesel); animal foodproducts (e.g., oil cake, leaves, pods, thermal oils &/or bio- fuels&/or chemicals soy meal, etc.); glycerine; secondary hulls, etc.upgrading gases; secondary derived from bio- fuels or chemicals derivedfrom bio- products derived diesel diesel or vegetable oil; etc. fromprimary bio- solids, liquids, &/or gases Soybean trans- Fatty acidmethyl Any combination of: human or Stems, Gasification Synthesis gasand esterification esters (bio-diesel); animal food products (e.g., oilcake, leaves, pods, secondary fuels &/or chemicals soy meal, etc.);glycerine; secondary hulls, etc. products derived derived from bio-fuels or chemicals derived from bio- from synthesis gas diesel diesel orvegetable oil; etc. (e.g., synthetic natural gas) Soybean trans- Fattyacid methyl Any combination of: human or Stems, Gasification Heat,power, &/or esterification esters (bio-diesel); animal food products(e.g., oil cake, leaves, pods, & combustion electricity fuels &/orchemicals soy meal, etc.); glycerine; secondary hulls, etc. (e.g., IGCC)derived from bio- fuels or chemicals derived from bio- diesel diesel orvegetable oil; etc. Soybean trans- Fatty acid methyl Any combination of:human or Stems, Gasification liquid &/or esterification esters(bio-diesel); animal food products (e.g., oil cake, leaves, pods, &synthesis of gaseous fuels fuels &/or chemicals soy meal, etc.);glycerine; secondary hulls, etc. fuels or (e.g., FT diesel & derivedfrom bio- fuels or chemicals derived from bio- chemicals naphtha; bio-diesel diesel or vegetable oil; etc. alcohols, DME, etc.) &/or chemicalsSoybean trans- Fatty acid methyl Any combination of: human or Stems,Liquefaction solid, liquid, &/or esterification esters (bio-diesel);animal food products (e.g., oil cake, leaves, pods, gaseous fuels fuels&/or chemicals soy meal, etc.); glycerine; secondary hulls, etc. &/orchemicals; derived from bio- fuels or chemicals derived from bio-secondary diesel diesel or vegetable oil; etc. products derived fromprimary solid, liquid, and gaseous products. Soybean trans- Fatty acidmethyl Any combination of: human or Stems, Fermentation Bio-alcohols,bio- esterification esters (bio-diesel); animal food products (e.g., oilcake, leaves, pods, (by various solids, &/or CO2; fuels &/or chemicalssoy meal, etc.); glycerine; secondary hulls, etc. technologicalsecondary derived from bio- fuels or chemicals derived from bio- routes& products derived diesel diesel or vegetable oil; etc. component fromprimary technologies) products. Soybean trans- Fatty acid methyl Anycombination of: human or Stems, Bio-digestion Bio-gas; syntheticesterification esters (bio-diesel); animal food products (e.g., oilcake, leaves, pods, liquids &/or fuels &/or chemicals soy meal, etc.);glycerine; secondary hulls, etc. gaseous fuels or derived from bio-fuels or chemicals derived from bio- chemicals derived diesel diesel orvegetable oil; etc. from bio-gas; heat, power, &/or electricity Soybeantrans- Fatty acid methyl Any combination of: human or Stems, Solid PhaseSequestered esterification esters (bio-diesel); animal food products(e.g., oil cake, leaves, pods, Biomass biomass carbon fuels &/orchemicals soy meal, etc.); glycerine; secondary hulls, etc. Carbon andsecondary derived from bio- fuels or chemicals derived from bio- Storageproducts diesel diesel or vegetable oil; etc. subsequendly producedSoybean Hydro- Liquid &/or gaseous Any combination of: human or Stalks,Comustion Heat, power, &/or treatment fuels derived hydro- animal foodproducts (e.g., oil cake, stems, with coal electricity (e.g., thermaltreatment of soy meal, etc.); hydrocarbons; leaves, pods, (coal biomasshydrogenation) vegetable oils (e.g., secondary fuels or chemicalsderived hulls, etc. co-fire) in renewable diesel, bio- from vegetableoil or primary pulvarized jet fuel, bio-kerosene, hydrocarbon products;etc. coal or other etc.) type boiler Soybean Hydro- Liquid &/or gaseousAny combination of: human or Stalks, Combustion Heat, power, &/ortreatment fuels derived hydro- animal food products (e.g., oil cake,stems, with other electricity (e.g., thermal treatment of soy meal,etc.); hydrocarbons; leaves, pods, bimass in a hydrogenation) vegetableoils (e.g., secondary fuels or chemicals derived hulls, etc. biomassrenewable diesel, bio- from vegetable oil or primary boiler jet fuel,bio-kerosene, hydrocarbon products; etc. etc.) Soybean Hydro- Liquid&/or gaseous Any combination of: human or Stalks, Combustion Heat,power, &/or treatment fuels derived hydro- animal food products (e.g.,oil cake, stems, in a stand electricity (e.g., thermal treatment of soymeal, etc.); hydrocarbons; leaves, pods, alone boiler hydrogenation)vegetable oils (e.g., secondary fuels or chemicals derived hulls, etc.renewable diesel, bio- from vegetable oil or primary jet fuel,bio-kerosene, hydrocarbon products; etc. etc.) Soybean Hydro- Liquid&/or gaseous Any combination of: human or Stalks, Pyrolysis bio-solids(e.g., treatment fuels derived hydro- animal food products (e.g., oilcake, stems, bio-char), bio- (e.g., thermal treatment of soy meal,etc.); hydrocarbons; leaves, pods, liquids (e.g., bio- hydrogenation)vegetable oils (e.g., secondary fuels or chemicals derived hulls, etc.oil), &/or bio- renewable diesel, bio- from vegetable oil or primarygases (non- jet fuel, bio-kerosene, hydrocarbon products; etc.condensing etc.) hydrocarbons); fuels or chemicals derived from solid,liquid, or gaseous primary products. Soybean Hydro- Liquid &/or gaseousAny combination of: human or Stalks, Torrefaction torrefied biomass;treatment fuels derived hydro- animal food products (e.g., oil cake,stems, heat, power, &/or (e.g., thermal treatment of soy meal, etc.);hydrocarbons; leaves, pods, electricity hydrogenation) vegetable oils(e.g., secondary fuels or chemicals derived hulls, etc. renewablediesel, bio- from vegetable oil or primary jet fuel, bio-kerosene,hydrocarbon products; etc. etc.) Soybean Hydro- Liquid &/or gaseous Anycombination of: human or Stalks, Carbonization bio-coal, bio- treatmentfuels derived hydro- animal food products (e.g., oil cake, stems,liquids, and bio- (e.g., thermal treatment of soy meal, etc.);hydrocarbons; leaves, pods, gases; secondary hydrogenation) vegetableoils (e.g., secondary fuels or chemicals derived hulls, etc. productsderived renewable diesel, bio- from vegetable oil or primary fromprimary jet fuel, bio-kerosene, hydrocarbon products; etc. solid,liquid, and etc.) gaseous products. Soybean Hydro- Liquid &/or gaseousAny combination of: human or Stalks, Hydro- bio-solids, bio- treatmentfuels derived hydro- animal food products (e.g., oil cake, stems,thermal oils &/or bio- (e.g., thermal treatment of soy meal, etc.);hydrocarbons; leaves, pods, upgrading gases; secondary hydrogenation)vegetable oils (e.g., secondary fuels or chemicals derived hulls, etc.products derived renewable diesel, bio- from vegetable oil or primaryfrom primary bio- jet fuel, bio-kerosene, hydrocarbon products; etc.solids, liquids, etc.) &/or gases Soybean Hydro- Liquid &/or gaseous Anycombination of: human or Stalks, Gasification Synthesis gas andtreatment fuels derived hydro- animal food products (e.g., oil cake,stems, secondary (e.g., thermal treatment of soy meal, etc.);hydrocarbons; leaves, pods, products derived hydrogenation) vegetableoils (e.g., secondary fuels or chemicals derived hulls, etc. fromsynthesis gas renewable diesel, bio- from vegetable oil or primary(e.g., synthetic jet fuel, bio-kerosene, hydrocarbon products; etc.natural gas) etc.) Soybean Hydro- Liquid &/or gaseous Any combinationof: human or Stalks, Gasification Heat, power, &/or treatment fuelsderived hydro- animal food products (e.g., oil cake, stems, & combustionelectricity (e.g., thermal treatment of soy meal, etc.); hydrocarbons;leaves, pods, (e.g., IGCC) hydrogenation) vegetable oils (e.g.,secondary fuels or chemicals derived hulls, etc. renewable diesel, bio-from vegetable oil or primary jet fuel, bio-kerosene, hydrocarbonproducts; etc. etc.) Soybean Hydro- Liquid &/or gaseous Any combinationof: human or Stalks, Gasification liquid &/or treatment fuels derivedhydro- animal food products (e.g., oil cake, stems, & synthesis ofgaseous fuels (e.g., thermal treatment of soy meal, etc.); hydrocarbons;leaves, pods, fuels or (e.g., FT diesel & hydrogenation) vegetable oils(e.g., secondary fuels or chemicals derived hulls, etc. chemicalsnaphtha; bio- renewable diesel, bio- from vegetable oil or primaryalcohols, DME, jet fuel, bio-kerosene, hydrocarbon products; etc. etc.)&/or etc.) chemicals Soybean Hydro- Liquid &/or gaseous Any combinationof: human or Stalks, Liquefaction solid, liquid, &/or treatment fuelsderived hydro- animal food products (e.g., oil cake, stems, gaseousfuels (e.g., thermal treatment of soy meal, etc.); hydrocarbons; leaves,pods, &/or chemicals; hydrogenation) vegetable oils (e.g., secondaryfuels or chemicals derived hulls, etc. secondary renewable diesel, bio-from vegetable oil or primary products derived jet fuel, bio-kerosene,hydrocarbon products; etc. from primary etc.) solid, liquid, and gaseousproducts. Soybean Hydro- Liquid &/or gaseous Any combination of: humanor Stalks, Fermentation Bio-alcohols, bio- treatment fuels derivedhydro- animal food products (e.g., oil cake, stems, (by various solids,&/or CO2; (e.g., thermal treatment of soy meal, etc.); hydrocarbons;leaves, pods, technological secondary hydrogenation) vegetable oils(e.g., secondary fuels or chemicals derived hulls, etc. routes &products derived renewable diesel, bio- from vegetable oil or primarycomponent from primary jet fuel, bio-kerosene, hydrocarbon products;etc. technologies) products. etc.) Soybean Hydro- Liquid &/or gaseousAny combination of: human or Stalks, Bio-digestion Bio-gas; synthetictreatment fuels derived hydro- animal food products (e.g., oil cake,stems, liquids &/or (e.g., thermal treatment of soy meal, etc.);hydrocarbons; leaves, pods, gaseous fuels or hydrogenation) vegetableoils (e.g., secondary fuels or chemicals derived hulls, etc. chemicalsderived renewable diesel, bio- from vegetable oil or primary frombio-gas; jet fuel, bio-kerosene, hydrocarbon products; etc. heat, power,&/or etc.) electricity Soybean Hydro- Liquid &/or gaseous Anycombination of: human or Stalks, Solid Phase Sequestered treatment fuelsderived hydro- animal food products (e.g., oil cake, stems, Biomassbiomass carbon (e.g., thermal treatment of soy meal, etc.);hydrocarbons; leaves, pods, Carbon and secondary hydrogenation)vegetable oils (e.g., secondary fuels or chemicals derived hulls, etc.Storage products renewable diesel, bio- from vegetable oil or primarysubsequendly jet fuel, bio-kerosene, hydrocarbon products; etc. producedetc.) Oil-seed trans- Fatty acid methyl Any combination of: human orStalks, Comustion Heat, power, &/or (e.g., esterification esters(bio-diesel); animal food products (e.g., oil cake, stems, with coalelectricity canola, fuels &/or chemicals meal, etc.); glycerine;secondary leaves, (coal biomass rapeseed, derived from bio- fuels orchemicals derived from bio- shells, etc. co-fire) in camolina, dieseldiesel or vegetable oil; etc. pulvarized mustard, coal or other flax,type boiler sunflower, hemp, field penycress, etc.) Oil-seed trans-Fatty acid methyl Any combination of: human or Stalks, Combustion Heat,power, &/or (e.g., esterification esters (bio-diesel); animal foodproducts (e.g., oil cake, stems, with other electricity canola, fuels&/or chemicals meal, etc.); glycerine; secondary leaves, bimass in arapeseed, derived from bio- fuels or chemicals derived from bio- shells,etc. biomass camolina, diesel diesel or vegetable oil; etc. boilermustard, flax, sunflower, hemp, field penycress, etc.) Oil-seed trans-Fatty acid methyl Any combination of: human or Stalks, Combustion Heat,power, &/or (e.g., esterification esters (bio-diesel); animal foodproducts (e.g., oil cake, stems, in a stand electricity canola, fuels&/or chemicals meal, etc.); glycerine; secondary leaves, alone boilerrapeseed, derived from bio- fuels or chemicals derived from bio- shells,etc. camolina, diesel diesel or vegetable oil; etc. mustard, flax,sunflower, hemp, field penycress, etc.) Oil-seed trans- Fatty acidmethyl Any combination of: human or Stalks, Pyrolysis bio-solids (e.g.,(e.g., esterification esters (bio-diesel); animal food products (e.g.,oil cake, stems, bio-char), bio- canola, fuels &/or chemicals meal,etc.); glycerine; secondary leaves, liquids (e.g., bio- rapeseed,derived from bio- fuels or chemicals derived from bio- shells, etc.oil), &/or bio- camolina, diesel diesel or vegetable oil; etc. gases(non- mustard, condensing flax, hydrocarbons); sunflower, fuels orchemicals hemp, derived from field solid, liquid, or penycress, gaseousprimary etc.) products. Oil-seed trans- Fatty acid methyl Anycombination of: human or Stalks, Torrefaction torrefied biomass; (e.g.,esterification esters (bio-diesel); animal food products (e.g., oilcake, stems, heat, power, &/or canola, fuels &/or chemicals meal, etc.);glycerine; secondary leaves, electricity rapeseed, derived from bio-fuels or chemicals derived from bio- shells, etc. camolina, dieseldiesel or vegetable oil; etc. mustard, flax, sunflower, hemp, fieldpenycress, etc.) Oil-seed trans- Fatty acid methyl Any combination of:human or Stalks, Carbonization bio-coal, bio- (e.g., esterificationesters (bio-diesel); animal food products (e.g., oil cake, stems,liquids, and bio- canola, fuels &/or chemicals meal, etc.); glycerine;secondary leaves, gases; secondary rapeseed, derived from bio- fuels orchemicals derived from bio- shells, etc. products derived camolina,diesel diesel or vegetable oil; etc. from primary mustard, solid,liquid, and flax, gaseous products. sunflower, hemp, field penycress,etc.) Oil-seed trans- Fatty acid methyl Any combination of: human orStalks, Hydro- bio-solids, bio- (e.g., esterification esters(bio-diesel); animal food products (e.g., oil cake, stems, thermal oils&/or bio- canola, fuels &/or chemicals meal, etc.); glycerine; secondaryleaves, upgrading gases; secondary rapeseed, derived from bio- fuels orchemicals derived from bio- shells, etc. products derived camolina,diesel diesel or vegetable oil; etc. from primary bio- mustard, solids,liquids, flax, &/or gases sunflower, hemp, field penycress, etc.)Oil-seed trans- Fatty acid methyl Any combination of: human or Stalks,Gasification Synthesis gas and (e.g., esterification esters(bio-diesel); animal food products (e.g., oil cake, stems, secondarycanola, fuels &/or chemicals meal, etc.); glycerine; secondary leaves,products derived rapeseed, derived from bio- fuels or chemicals derivedfrom bio- shells, etc. from synthesis gas camolina, diesel diesel orvegetable oil; etc. (e.g., synthetic mustard, natural gas) flax,sunflower, hemp, field penycress, etc.) Oil-seed trans- Fatty acidmethyl Any combination of: human or Stalks, Gasification Heat, power,&/or (e.g., esterification esters (bio-diesel); animal food products(e.g., oil cake, stems, & combustion electricity canola, fuels &/orchemicals meal, etc.); glycerine; secondary leaves, (e.g., IGCC)rapeseed, derived from bio- fuels or chemicals derived from bio- shells,etc. camolina, diesel diesel or vegetable oil; etc. mustard, flax,sunflower, hemp, field penycress, etc.) Oil-seed trans- Fatty acidmethyl Any combination of: human or Stalks, Gasification liquid &/or(e.g., esterification esters (bio-diesel); animal food products (e.g.,oil cake, stems, & synthesis of gaseous fuels canola, fuels &/orchemicals meal, etc.); glycerine; secondary leaves, fuels or (e.g., FTdiesel & rapeseed, derived from bio- fuels or chemicals derived frombio- shells, etc. chemicals naphtha; bio- camolina, diesel diesel orvegetable oil; etc. alcohols, DME, mustard, etc.) &/or flax, chemicalssunflower, hemp, field penycress, etc.) Oil-seed trans- Fatty acidmethyl Any combination of: human or Stalks, Liquefaction solid, liquid,&/or (e.g., esterification esters (bio-diesel); animal food products(e.g., oil cake, stems, gaseous fuels canola, fuels &/or chemicals meal,etc.); glycerine; secondary leaves, &/or chemicals; rapeseed, derivedfrom bio- fuels or chemicals derived from bio- shells, etc. secondarycamolina, diesel diesel or vegetable oil; etc. products derived mustard,from primary flax, solid, liquid, and sunflower, gaseous products. hemp,field penycress, etc.) Oil-seed trans- Fatty acid methyl Any combinationof: human or Stalks, Fermentation Bio-alcohols, bio- (e.g.,esterification esters (bio-diesel); animal food products (e.g., oilcake, stems, (by various solids, &/or CO2; canola, fuels &/or chemicalsmeal, etc.); glycerine; secondary leaves, technological secondaryrapeseed, derived from bio- fuels or chemicals derived from bio- shells,etc. routes & products derived camolina, diesel diesel or vegetable oil;etc. component from primary mustard, technologies) products. flax,sunflower, hemp, field penycress, etc.) Oil-seed trans- Fatty acidmethyl Any combination of: human or Stalks, Bio-digestion Bio-gas;synthetic (e.g., esterification esters (bio-diesel); animal foodproducts (e.g., oil cake, stems, liquids &/or canola, fuels &/orchemicals meal, etc.); glycerine; secondary leaves, gaseous fuels orrapeseed, derived from bio- fuels or chemicals derived from bio- shells,etc. chemicals derived camolina, diesel diesel or vegetable oil; etc.from bio-gas; mustard, heat, power, &/or flax, electricity sunflower,hemp, field penycress, etc.) Oil-seed trans- Fatty acid methyl Anycombination of: human or Stalks, Solid Phase Sequestered (e.g.,esterification esters (bio-diesel); animal food products (e.g., oilcake, stems, Biomass biomass carbon canola, fuels &/or chemicals meal,etc.); glycerine; secondary leaves, Carbon and secondary rapeseed,derived from bio- fuels or chemicals derived from bio- shells, etc.Storage products camolina, diesel diesel or vegetable oil; etc.subsequendly mustard, produced flax, sunflower, hemp, field penycress,etc.) Oil-seed Hydro- Liquid &/or gaseous Any combination of: human orStalks, Comustion Heat, power, &/or (e.g., thermal fuels derived hydro-animal food products (e.g., oil cake, stems, with coal electricitycanola, treatment thermal treatment of meal, etc.); hydrocarbons;secondary leaves, (coal biomass rapeseed, (e.g., vegetable oils (e.g.,fuels or chemicals derived from shells, pods, co-fire) in camolina,hydrogenation) renewable diesel, bio- vegetable oil or primaryhydrocarbon etc. pulvarized mustard, jet fuel, bio-kerosene, products;etc. coal or other flax, etc.) type boiler sunflower, hemp, fieldpenycress, etc.) Oil-seed Hydro- Liquid &/or gaseous Any combination of:human or Stalks, Combustion Heat, power, &/or (e.g., thermal fuelsderived hydro- animal food products (e.g., oil cake, stems, with otherelectricity canola, treatment thermal treatment of meal, etc.);hydrocarbons; secondary leaves, bimass in a rapeseed, (e.g., vegetableoils (e.g., fuels or chemicals derived from shells, pods, biomasscamolina, hydrogenation) renewable diesel, bio- vegetable oil or primaryhydrocarbon etc. boiler mustard, jet fuel, bio-kerosene, products; etc.flax, etc.) sunflower, hemp, field penycress, etc.) Oil-seed Hydro-Liquid &/or gaseous Any combination of: human or Stalks, CombustionHeat, power, &/or (e.g., thermal fuels derived hydro- animal foodproducts (e.g., oil cake, stems, in a stand electricity canola,treatment thermal treatment of meal, etc.); hydrocarbons; secondaryleaves, alone boiler rapeseed, (e.g., vegetable oils (e.g., fuels orchemicals derived from shells, pods, camolina, hydrogenation) renewablediesel, bio- vegetable oil or primary hydrocarbon etc. mustard, jetfuel, bio-kerosene, products; etc. flax, etc.) sunflower, hemp, fieldpenycress, etc.) Oil-seed Hydro- Liquid &/or gaseous Any combination of:human or Stalks, Pyrolysis bio-solids (e.g., (e.g., thermal fuelsderived hydro- animal food products (e.g., oil cake, stems, bio-char),bio- canola, treatment thermal treatment of meal, etc.); hydrocarbons;secondary leaves, liquids (e.g., bio- rapeseed, (e.g., vegetable oils(e.g., fuels or chemicals derived from shells, pods, oil), &/or bio-camolina, hydrogenation) renewable diesel, bio- vegetable oil or primaryhydrocarbon etc. gases (non- mustard, jet fuel, bio-kerosene, products;etc. condensing flax, etc.) hydrocarbons); sunflower, fuels or chemicalshemp, derived from field solid, liquid, or penycress, gaseous primaryetc.) products. Oil-seed Hydro- Liquid &/or gaseous Any combination of:human or Stalks, Torrefaction torrefied biomass; (e.g., thermal fuelsderived hydro- animal food products (e.g., oil cake, stems, heat, power,&/or canola, treatment thermal treatment of meal, etc.); hydrocarbons;secondary leaves, electricity rapeseed, (e.g., vegetable oils (e.g.,fuels or chemicals derived from shells, pods, camolina, hydrogenation)renewable diesel, bio- vegetable oil or primary hydrocarbon etc.mustard, jet fuel, bio-kerosene, products; etc. flax, etc.) sunflower,hemp, field penycress, etc.) Oil-seed Hydro- Liquid &/or gaseous Anycombination of: human or Stalks, Carbonization bio-coal, bio- (e.g.,thermal fuels derived hydro- animal food products (e.g., oil cake,stems, liquids, and bio- canola, treatment thermal treatment of meal,etc.); hydrocarbons; secondary leaves, gases; secondary rapeseed, (e.g.,vegetable oils (e.g., fuels or chemicals derived from shells, pods,products derived camolina, hydrogenation) renewable diesel, bio-vegetable oil or primary hydrocarbon etc. from primary mustard, jetfuel, bio-kerosene, products; etc. solid, liquid, and flax, etc.)gaseous products. sunflower, hemp, field penycress, etc.) Oil-seedHydro- Liquid &/or gaseous Any combination of: human or Stalks, Hydro-bio-solids, bio- (e.g., thermal fuels derived hydro- animal foodproducts (e.g., oil cake, stems, thermal oils &/or bio- canola,treatment thermal treatment of meal, etc.); hydrocarbons; secondaryleaves, upgrading gases; secondary rapeseed, (e.g., vegetable oils(e.g., fuels or chemicals derived from shells, pods, products derivedcamolina, hydrogenation) renewable diesel, bio- vegetable oil or primaryhydrocarbon etc. from primary bio- mustard, jet fuel, bio-kerosene,products; etc. solids, liquids, flax, etc.) &/or gases sunflower, hemp,field penycress, etc.) Oil-seed Hydro- Liquid &/or gaseous Anycombination of: human or Stalks, Gasification Synthesis gas and (e.g.,thermal fuels derived hydro- animal food products (e.g., oil cake,stems, secondary canola, treatment thermal treatment of meal, etc.);hydrocarbons; secondary leaves, products derived rapeseed, (e.g.,vegetable oils (e.g., fuels or chemicals derived from shells, pods, fromsynthesis gas camolina, hydrogenation) renewable diesel, bio- vegetableoil or primary hydrocarbon etc. (e.g., synthetic mustard, jet fuel,bio-kerosene, products; etc. natural gas) flax, etc.) sunflower, hemp,field penycress, etc.) Oil-seed Hydro- Liquid &/or gaseous Anycombination of: human or Stalks, Gasification Heat, power, &/or (e.g.,thermal fuels derived hydro- animal food products (e.g., oil cake,stems, & combustion electricity canola, treatment thermal treatment ofmeal, etc.); hydrocarbons; secondary leaves, (e.g., IGCC) rapeseed,(e.g., vegetable oils (e.g., fuels or chemicals derived from shells,pods, camolina, hydrogenation) renewable diesel, bio- vegetable oil orprimary hydrocarbon etc. mustard, jet fuel, bio-kerosene, products; etc.flax, etc.) sunflower, hemp, field penycress, etc.) Oil-seed Hydro-Liquid &/or gaseous Any combination of: human or Stalks, Gasificationliquid &/or (e.g., thermal fuels derived hydro- animal food products(e.g., oil cake, stems, & synthesis of gaseous fuels canola, treatmentthermal treatment of meal, etc.); hydrocarbons; secondary leaves, fuelsor (e.g., FT diesel & rapeseed, (e.g., vegetable oils (e.g., fuels orchemicals derived from shells, pods, chemicals naphtha; bio- camolina,hydrogenation) renewable diesel, bio- vegetable oil or primaryhydrocarbon etc. alcohols, DME, mustard, jet fuel, bio-kerosene,products; etc. etc.) &/or flax, etc.) chemicals sunflower, hemp, fieldpenycress, etc.) Oil-seed Hydro- Liquid &/or gaseous Any combination of:human or Stalks, Liquefaction solid, liquid, &/or (e.g., thermal fuelsderived hydro- animal food products (e.g., oil cake, stems, gaseousfuels canola, treatment thermal treatment of meal, etc.); hydrocarbons;secondary leaves, &/or chemicals; rapeseed, (e.g., vegetable oils (e.g.,fuels or chemicals derived from shells, pods, secondary camolina,hydrogenation) renewable diesel, bio- vegetable oil or primaryhydrocarbon etc. products derived mustard, jet fuel, bio-kerosene,products; etc. from primary flax, etc.) solid, liquid, and sunflower,gaseous products. hemp, field penycress, etc.) Oil-seed Hydro- Liquid&/or gaseous Any combination of: human or Stalks, FermentationBio-alcohols, bio- (e.g., thermal fuels derived hydro- animal foodproducts (e.g., oil cake, stems, (by various solids, &/or CO2; canola,treatment thermal treatment of meal, etc.); hydrocarbons; secondaryleaves, technological secondary rapeseed, (e.g., vegetable oils (e.g.,fuels or chemicals derived from shells, pods, routes & products derivedcamolina, hydrogenation) renewable diesel, bio- vegetable oil or primaryhydrocarbon etc. component from primary mustard, jet fuel, bio-kerosene,products; etc. technologies) products. flax, etc.) sunflower, hemp,field penycress, etc.) Oil-seed Hydro- Liquid &/or gaseous Anycombination of: human or Stalks, Bio-digestion Bio-gas; synthetic (e.g.,thermal fuels derived hydro- animal food products (e.g., oil cake,stems, liquids &/or canola, treatment thermal treatment of meal, etc.);hydrocarbons; secondary leaves, gaseous fuels or rapeseed, (e.g.,vegetable oils (e.g., fuels or chemicals derived from shells, pods,chemicals derived camolina, hydrogenation) renewable diesel, bio-vegetable oil or primary hydrocarbon etc. from bio-gas; mustard, jetfuel, bio-kerosene, products; etc. heat, power, &/or flax, etc.)electricity sunflower, hemp, field penycress, etc.) Oil-seed Hydro-Liquid &/or gaseous Any combination of: human or Stalks, Solid PhaseSequestered (e.g., thermal fuels derived hydro- animal food products(e.g., oil cake, stems, Biomass biomass carbon canola, treatment thermaltreatment of meal, etc.); hydrocarbons; secondary leaves, Carbon andsecondary rapeseed, (e.g., vegetable oils (e.g., fuels or chemicalsderived from shells, pods, Storage products camolina, hydrogenation)renewable diesel, bio- vegetable oil or primary hydrocarbon etc.subsequendly mustard, jet fuel, bio-kerosene, products; etc. producedflax, etc.) sunflower, hemp, field penycress, etc.) Oil seeds Trans-Fatty acid methyl Any combination of: human or Leaves, Comustion Heat,power, &/or from esterification esters (bio-diesel); animal foodproducts (e.g., oil cake, stems, with coal electricity trees or fuels&/or chemicals meal, etc.); glycerine; secondary branches, (coal biomasswoody derived from bio- fuels or chemicals derived from bio- trimmings,co-fire) in shrubs diesel diesel or vegetable oil; etc. shells, pods,pulvarized (e.g., etc. coal or other palm, type boiler jatropha, Mahua,pongamia pinnata, etc.) Oil seeds Trans- Fatty acid methyl Anycombination of: human or Leaves, Combustion Heat, power, &/or fromesterification esters (bio-diesel); animal food products (e.g., oilcake, stems, with other electricity trees or fuels &/or chemicals meal,etc.); glycerine; secondary branches, bimass in a woody derived frombio- fuels or chemicals derived from bio- trimmings, biomass shrubsdiesel diesel or vegetable oil; etc. shells, pods, boiler (e.g., etc.palm, jatropha, Mahua, pongamia pinnata, etc.) Oil seeds Trans- Fattyacid methyl Any combination of: human or Leaves, Combustion Heat, power,&/or from esterification esters (bio-diesel); animal food products(e.g., oil cake, stems, in a stand electricity trees or fuels &/orchemicals meal, etc.); glycerine; secondary branches, alone boiler woodyderived from bio- fuels or chemicals derived from bio- trimmings, shrubsdiesel diesel or vegetable oil; etc. shells, pods, (e.g., etc. palm,jatropha, Mahua, pongamia pinnata, etc.) Oil seeds Trans- Fatty acidmethyl Any combination of: human or Leaves, Pyrolysis bio-solids (e.g.,from esterification esters (bio-diesel); animal food products (e.g., oilcake, stems, bio-char), bio- trees or fuels &/or chemicals meal, etc.);glycerine; secondary branches, liquids (e.g., bio- woody derived frombio- fuels or chemicals derived from bio- trimmings, oil), &/or bio-shrubs diesel diesel or vegetable oil; etc. shells, pods, gases (non-(e.g., etc. condensing palm, hydrocarbons); jatropha, fuels or chemicalsMahua, derived from pongamia solid, liquid, or pinnata, gaseous primaryetc.) products. Oil seeds Trans- Fatty acid methyl Any combination of:human or Leaves, Torrefaction torrefied biomass; from esterificationesters (bio-diesel); animal food products (e.g., oil cake, stems, heat,power, &/or trees or fuels &/or chemicals meal, etc.); glycerine;secondary branches, electricity woody derived from bio- fuels orchemicals derived from bio- trimmings, shrubs diesel diesel or vegetableoil; etc. shells, pods, (e.g., etc. palm, jatropha, Mahua, pongamiapinnata, etc.) Oil seeds Trans- Fatty acid methyl Any combination of:human or Leaves, Carbonization bio-coal, bio- from esterification esters(bio-diesel); animal food products (e.g., oil cake, stems, liquids, andbio- trees or fuels &/or chemicals meal, etc.); glycerine; secondarybranches, gases; secondary woody derived from bio- fuels or chemicalsderived from bio- trimmings, products derived shrubs diesel diesel orvegetable oil; etc. shells, pods, from primary (e.g., etc. solid,liquid, and palm, gaseous products. jatropha, Mahua, pongamia pinnata,etc.) Oil seeds Trans- Fatty acid methyl Any combination of: human orLeaves, Hydro- bio-solids, bio- from esterification esters (bio-diesel);animal food products (e.g., oil cake, stems, thermal oils &/or bio-trees or fuels &/or chemicals meal, etc.); glycerine; secondarybranches, upgrading gases; secondary woody derived from bio- fuels orchemicals derived from bio- trimmings, products derived shrubs dieseldiesel or vegetable oil; etc. shells, pods, from primary bio- (e.g.,etc. solids, liquids, palm, &/or gases jatropha, Mahua, pongamiapinnata, etc.) Oil seeds Trans- Fatty acid methyl Any combination of:human or Leaves, Gasification Synthesis gas and from esterificationesters (bio-diesel); animal food products (e.g., oil cake, stems,secondary trees or fuels &/or chemicals meal, etc.); glycerine;secondary branches, products derived woody derived from bio- fuels orchemicals derived from bio- trimmings, from synthesis gas shrubs dieseldiesel or vegetable oil; etc. shells, pods, (e.g., synthetic (e.g., etc.natural gas) palm, jatropha, Mahua, pongamia pinnata, etc.) Oil seedsTrans- Fatty acid methyl Any combination of: human or Leaves,Gasification Heat, power, &/or from esterification esters (bio-diesel);animal food products (e.g., oil cake, stems, & combustion electricitytrees or fuels &/or chemicals meal, etc.); glycerine; secondarybranches, (e.g., IGCC) woody derived from bio- fuels or chemicalsderived from bio- trimmings, shrubs diesel diesel or vegetable oil; etc.shells, pods, (e.g., etc. palm, jatropha, Mahua, pongamia pinnata, etc.)Oil seeds Trans- Fatty acid methyl Any combination of: human or Leaves,Gasification liquid &/or from esterification esters (bio-diesel); animalfood products (e.g., oil cake, stems, & synthesis of gaseous fuels treesor fuels &/or chemicals meal, etc.); glycerine; secondary branches,fuels or (e.g., FT diesel & woody derived from bio- fuels or chemicalsderived from bio- trimmings, chemicals naphtha; bio- shrubs dieseldiesel or vegetable oil; etc. shells, pods, alcohols, DME, (e.g., etc.etc.) &/or palm, chemicals jatropha, Mahua, pongamia pinnata, etc.) Oilseeds Trans- Fatty acid methyl Any combination of: human or Leaves,Liquefaction solid, liquid, &/or from esterification esters(bio-diesel); animal food products (e.g., oil cake, stems, gaseous fuelstrees or fuels &/or chemicals meal, etc.); glycerine; secondarybranches, &/or chemicals; woody derived from bio- fuels or chemicalsderived from bio- trimmings, secondary shrubs diesel diesel or vegetableoil; etc. shells, pods, products derived (e.g., etc. from primary palm,solid, liquid, and jatropha, gaseous products. Mahua, pongamia pinnata,etc.) Oil seeds Trans- Fatty acid methyl Any combination of: human orLeaves, Fermentation Bio-alcohols, bio- from esterification esters(bio-diesel); animal food products (e.g., oil cake, stems, (by varioussolids, &/or CO2; trees or fuels &/or chemicals meal, etc.); glycerine;secondary branches, technological secondary woody derived from bio-fuels or chemicals derived from bio- trimmings, routes & productsderived shrubs diesel diesel or vegetable oil; etc. shells, pods,component from primary (e.g., etc. technologies) products. palm,jatropha, Mahua, pongamia pinnata, etc.) Oil seeds Trans- Fatty acidmethyl Any combination of: human or Leaves, Bio-digestion Bio-gas;synthetic from esterification esters (bio-diesel); animal food products(e.g., oil cake, stems, liquids &/or trees or fuels &/or chemicals meal,etc.); glycerine; secondary branches, gaseous fuels or woody derivedfrom bio- fuels or chemicals derived from bio- trimmings, chemicalsderived shrubs diesel diesel or vegetable oil; etc. shells, pods, frombio-gas; (e.g., etc. heat, power, &/or palm, electricity jatropha,Mahua, pongamia pinnata, etc.) Oil seeds Trans- Fatty acid methyl Anycombination of: human or Leaves, Solid Phase Sequestered fromesterification esters (bio-diesel); animal food products (e.g., oilcake, stems, Biomass biomass carbon trees or fuels &/or chemicals meal,etc.); glycerine; secondary branches, Carbon and secondary woody derivedfrom bio- fuels or chemicals derived from bio- trimmings, Storageproducts shrubs diesel diesel or vegetable oil; etc. shells, pods,subsequendly (e.g., etc. produced palm, jatropha, Mahua, pongamiapinnata, etc.) Oil seeds Hydro- Liquid &/or gaseous Any combination of:human or Leaves, Comustion Heat, power, &/or from thermal fuels derivedhydro- animal food products (e.g., oil cake, stems, with coalelectricity trees or treatment thermal treatment of meal, etc.);hydrocarbons; secondary branches, (coal biomass woody (e.g., vegetableoils (e.g., fuels or chemicals derived from trimmings, co-fire) inshrubs hydrogenation) renewable diesel, bio- vegetable oil or primaryhydrocarbon shells, pods, pulvarized (e.g., jet fuel, bio-kerosene,products; etc. etc. coal or other palm, etc.) type boiler jatropha,Mahua, pongamia pinnata, etc.) Oil seeds Hydro- Liquid &/or gaseous Anycombination of: human or Leaves, Combustion Heat, power, &/or fromthermal fuels derived hydro- animal food products (e.g., oil cake,stems, with other electricity trees or treatment thermal treatment ofmeal, etc.); hydrocarbons; secondary branches, bimass in a woody (e.g.,vegetable oils (e.g., fuels or chemicals derived from trimmings, biomassshrubs hydrogenation) renewable diesel, bio- vegetable oil or primaryhydrocarbon shells, pods, boiler (e.g., jet fuel, bio-kerosene,products; etc. etc. palm, etc.) jatropha, Mahua, pongamia pinnata, etc.)Oil seeds Hydro- Liquid &/or gaseous Any combination of: human orLeaves, Combustion Heat, power, &/or from thermal fuels derived hydro-animal food products (e.g., oil cake, stems, in a stand electricitytrees or treatment thermal treatment of meal, etc.); hydrocarbons;secondary branches, alone boiler woody (e.g., vegetable oils (e.g.,fuels or chemicals derived from trimmings, shrubs hydrogenation)renewable diesel, bio- vegetable oil or primary hydrocarbon shells,pods, (e.g., jet fuel, bio-kerosene, products; etc. etc. palm, etc.)jatropha, Mahua, pongamia pinnata, etc.) Oil seeds Hydro- Liquid &/orgaseous Any combination of: human or Leaves, Pyrolysis bio-solids (e.g.,from thermal fuels derived hydro- animal food products (e.g., oil cake,stems, bio-char), bio- trees or treatment thermal treatment of meal,etc.); hydrocarbons; secondary branches, liquids (e.g., bio- woody(e.g., vegetable oils (e.g., fuels or chemicals derived from trimmings,oil), &/or bio- shrubs hydrogenation) renewable diesel, bio- vegetableoil or primary hydrocarbon shells, pods, gases (non- (e.g., jet fuel,bio-kerosene, products; etc. etc. condensing palm, etc.) hydrocarbons);jatropha, fuels or chemicals Mahua, derived from pongamia solid, liquid,or pinnata, gaseous primary etc.) products. Oil seeds Hydro- Liquid &/orgaseous Any combination of: human or Leaves, Torrefaction torrefiedbiomass; from thermal fuels derived hydro- animal food products (e.g.,oil cake, stems, heat, power, &/or trees or treatment thermal treatmentof meal, etc.); hydrocarbons; secondary branches, electricity woody(e.g., vegetable oils (e.g., fuels or chemicals derived from trimmings,shrubs hydrogenation) renewable diesel, bio- vegetable oil or primaryhydrocarbon shells, pods, (e.g., jet fuel, bio-kerosene, products; etc.etc. palm, etc.) jatropha, Mahua, pongamia pinnata, etc.) Oil seedsHydro- Liquid &/or gaseous Any combination of: human or Leaves,Carbonization bio-coal, bio- from thermal fuels derived hydro- animalfood products (e.g., oil cake, stems, liquids, and bio- trees ortreatment thermal treatment of meal, etc.); hydrocarbons; secondarybranches, gases; secondary woody (e.g., vegetable oils (e.g., fuels orchemicals derived from trimmings, products derived shrubs hydrogenation)renewable diesel, bio- vegetable oil or primary hydrocarbon shells,pods, from primary (e.g., jet fuel, bio-kerosene, products; etc. etc.solid, liquid, and palm, etc.) gaseous products. jatropha, Mahua,pongamia pinnata, etc.) Oil seeds Hydro- Liquid &/or gaseous Anycombination of: human or Leaves, Hydro- bio-solids, bio- from thermalfuels derived hydro- animal food products (e.g., oil cake, stems,thermal oils &/or bio- trees or treatment thermal treatment of meal,etc.); hydrocarbons; secondary branches, upgrading gases; secondarywoody (e.g., vegetable oils (e.g., fuels or chemicals derived fromtrimmings, products derived shrubs hydrogenation) renewable diesel, bio-vegetable oil or primary hydrocarbon shells, pods, from primary bio-(e.g., jet fuel, bio-kerosene, products; etc. etc. solids, liquids,palm, etc.) &/or gases. jatropha, Mahua, pongamia pinnata, etc.) Oilseeds Hydro- Liquid &/or gaseous Any combination of: human or Leaves,Gasification Synthesis gas and from thermal fuels derived hydro- animalfood products (e.g., oil cake, stems, secondary trees or treatmentthermal treatment of meal, etc.); hydrocarbons; secondary branches,products derived woody (e.g., vegetable oils (e.g., fuels or chemicalsderived from trimmings, from synthesis gas shrubs hydrogenation)renewable diesel, bio- vegetable oil or primary hydrocarbon shells,pods, (e.g., synthetic (e.g., jet fuel, bio-kerosene, products; etc.etc. natural gas) palm, etc.) jatropha, Mahua, pongamia pinnata, etc.)Oil seeds Hydro- Liquid &/or gaseous Any combination of: human orLeaves, Gasification Heat, power, &/or from thermal fuels derived hydro-animal food products (e.g., oil cake, stems, & combustion electricitytrees or treatment thermal treatment of meal, etc.); hydrocarbons;secondary branches, (e.g., IGCC) woody (e.g., vegetable oils (e.g.,fuels or chemicals derived from trimmings, shrubs hydrogenation)renewable diesel, bio- vegetable oil or primary hydrocarbon shells,pods, (e.g., jet fuel, bio-kerosene, products; etc. etc. palm, etc.)jatropha, Mahua, pongamia pinnata, etc.) Oil seeds Hydro- Liquid &/orgaseous Any combination of: human or Leaves, Gasification liquid &/orfrom thermal fuels derived hydro- animal food products (e.g., oil cake,stems, & synthesis of gaseous fuels trees or treatment thermal treatmentof meal, etc.); hydrocarbons; secondary branches, fuels or (e.g., FTdiesel & woody (e.g., vegetable oils (e.g., fuels or chemicals derivedfrom trimmings, chemicals naphtha; bio- shrubs hydrogenation) renewablediesel, bio- vegetable oil or primary hydrocarbon shells, pods,alcohols, DME, (e.g., jet fuel, bio-kerosene, products; etc. etc. etc.)&/or palm, etc.) chemicals jatropha, Mahua, pongamia pinnata, etc.) Oilseeds Hydro- Liquid &/or gaseous Any combination of: human or Leaves,Liquefaction solid, liquid, &/or from thermal fuels derived hydro-animal food products (e.g., oil cake, stems, gaseous fuels trees ortreatment thermal treatment of meal, etc.); hydrocarbons; secondarybranches, &/or chemicals; woody (e.g., vegetable oils (e.g., fuels orchemicals derived from trimmings, secondary shrubs hydrogenation)renewable diesel, bio- vegetable oil or primary hydrocarbon shells,pods, products derived (e.g., jet fuel, bio-kerosene, products; etc.etc. from primary palm, etc.) solid, liquid, and jatropha, gaseousproducts. Mahua, pongamia pinnata, etc.) Oil seeds Hydro- Liquid &/orgaseous Any combination of: human or Leaves, Fermentation Bio-alcohols,bio- from thermal fuels derived hydro- animal food products (e.g., oilcake, stems, (by various solids, &/or CO2; trees or treatment thermaltreatment of meal, etc.); hydrocarbons; secondary branches,technological secondary woody (e.g., vegetable oils (e.g., fuels orchemicals derived from trimmings, routes & products derived shrubshydrogenation) renewable diesel, bio- vegetable oil or primaryhydrocarbon shells, pods, component from primary (e.g., jet fuel,bio-kerosene, products; etc. etc. technologies) products. palm, etc.)jatropha, Mahua, pongamia pinnata, etc.) Oil seeds Hydro- Liquid &/orgaseous Any combination of: human or Leaves, Bio-digestion Bio-gas;synthetic from thermal fuels derived hydro- animal food products (e.g.,oil cake, stems, liquids &/or trees or treatment thermal treatment ofmeal, etc.); hydrocarbons; secondary branches, gaseous fuels or woody(e.g., vegetable oils (e.g., fuels or chemicals derived from trimmings,chemicals derived shrubs hydrogenation) renewable diesel, bio- vegetableoil or primary hydrocarbon shells, pods, from bio-gas; (e.g., jet fuel,bio-kerosene, products; etc. etc. heat, power, &/or palm, etc.)electricity jatropha, Mahua, pongamia pinnata, etc.) Oil seeds Hydro-Liquid &/or gaseous Any combination of: human or Leaves, Solid PhaseSequestered from thermal fuels derived hydro- animal food products(e.g., oil cake, stems, Biomass biomass carbon trees or treatmentthermal treatment of meal, etc.); hydrocarbons; secondary branches,Carbon and secondary woody (e.g., vegetable oils (e.g., fuels orchemicals derived from trimmings, Storage products shrubs hydrogenation)renewable diesel, bio- vegetable oil or primary hydrocarbon shells,pods, subsequendly (e.g., jet fuel, bio-kerosene, products; etc. etc.produced palm, etc.) jatropha, Mahua, pongamia pinnata, etc.) Cellulosicn via Bio-alcohols (ethanol, Any combination of: heat, power, & leaves,Comustion Heat, power, &/or biomass various butanol, etc.); &/orelectricity; &/or secondary fuels or stems, with coal electricitypathways secondary fuels chemicals derived from primary bio- branches,(coal biomass (e.g., derived from primary alcohol products (e.g.,ethanol and other co-fire) in pretreatment bio-alcohol products derivedhydrocarbons) biomass that pulvarized via (e.g., ethanol-derived isdeemed coal or other alkaline gasoline substitutes) unsuitable typeboiler processing, for acid processing, hydrolysis, transport, or steamconversion explosion, to biofuel, or etc.; is otherwise hydrolysisdiverted via acid or from biofuel enzymatic production treatments; manyalternate fermentation- based pathways; etc.) Cellulosic n viaBio-alcohols (ethanol, Any combination of: heat, power, & leaves,Combustion Heat, power, &/or biomass various butanol, etc.); &/orelectricity; &/or secondary fuels or stems, with other electricitypathways secondary fuels chemicals derived from primary bio- branches,bimass in a (e.g., derived from primary alcohol products (e.g., ethanoland other biomass pretreatment bio-alcohol products derivedhydrocarbons) biomass that boiler via (e.g., ethanol-derived is deemedalkaline gasoline substitutes) unsuitable processing, for acidprocessing, hydrolysis, transport, or steam conversion explosion, tobiofuel, or etc.; is otherwise hydrolysis diverted via acid or frombiofuel enzymatic production treatments; many alternate fermentation-based pathways; etc.) Cellulosic n via Bio-alcohols (ethanol, Anycombination of: heat, power, & leaves, Combustion Heat, power, &/orbiomass various butanol, etc.); &/or electricity; &/or secondary fuelsor stems, in a stand electricity pathways secondary fuels chemicalsderived from primary bio- branches, alone boiler (e.g., derived fromprimary alcohol products (e.g., ethanol and other pretreatmentbio-alcohol products derived hydrocarbons) biomass that via (e.g.,ethanol-derived is deemed alkaline gasoline substitutes) unsuitableprocessing, for acid processing, hydrolysis, transport, or steamconversion explosion, to biofuel, or etc.; is otherwise hydrolysisdiverted via acid or from biofuel enzymatic production treatments; manyalternate fermentation- based pathways; etc.) Cellulosic n viaBio-alcohols (ethanol, Any combination of: heat, power, & leaves,Pyrolysis bio-solids (e.g., biomass various butanol, etc.); &/orelectricity; &/or secondary fuels or stems, bio-char), bio- pathwayssecondary fuels chemicals derived from primary bio- branches, liquids(e.g., bio- (e.g., derived from primary alcohol products (e.g., ethanoland other oil), &/or bio- pretreatment bio-alcohol products derivedhydrocarbons) biomass that gases (non- via (e.g., ethanol-derived isdeemed condensing alkaline gasoline substitutes) unsuitablehydrocarbons); processing, for fuels or chemicals acid processing,derived from hydrolysis, transport, or solid, liquid, or steamconversion gaseous primary explosion, to biofuel, or products. etc.; isotherwise hydrolysis diverted via acid or from biofuel enzymaticproduction treatments; many alternate fermentation- based pathways;etc.) Cellulosic n via Bio-alcohols (ethanol, Any combination of: heat,power, & leaves, Torrefaction torrefied biomass; biomass variousbutanol, etc.); &/or electricity; &/or secondary fuels or stems, heat,power, &/or pathways secondary fuels chemicals derived from primary bio-branches, electricity (e.g., derived from primary alcohol products(e.g., ethanol and other pretreatment bio-alcohol products derivedhydrocarbons) biomass that via (e.g., ethanol-derived is deemed alkalinegasoline substitutes) unsuitable processing, for acid processing,hydrolysis, transport, or steam conversion explosion, to biofuel, oretc.; is otherwise hydrolysis diverted via acid or from biofuelenzymatic production treatments; many alternate fermentation- basedpathways; etc.) Cellulosic n via Bio-alcohols (ethanol, Any combinationof: heat, power, & leaves, Carbonization bio-coal, bio- biomass variousbutanol, etc.); &/or electricity; &/or secondary fuels or stems,liquids, and bio- pathways secondary fuels chemicals derived fromprimary bio- branches, gases; secondary (e.g., derived from primaryalcohol products (e.g., ethanol and other products derived pretreatmentbio-alcohol products derived hydrocarbons) biomass that from primary via(e.g., ethanol-derived is deemed solid, liquid, and alkaline gasolinesubstitutes) unsuitable gaseous products. processing, for acidprocessing, hydrolysis, transport, or steam conversion explosion, tobiofuel, or etc.; is otherwise hydrolysis diverted via acid or frombiofuel enzymatic production treatments; many alternate fermentation-based pathways; etc.) Cellulosic n via Bio-alcohols (ethanol, Anycombination of: heat, power, & leaves, Hydro- bio-solids, bio- biomassvarious butanol, etc.); &/or electricity; &/or secondary fuels or stems,thermal oils &/or bio- pathways secondary fuels chemicals derived fromprimary bio- branches, upgrading gases; secondary (e.g., derived fromprimary alcohol products (e.g., ethanol and other products derivedpretreatment bio-alcohol products derived hydrocarbons) biomass thatfrom primary bio- via (e.g., ethanol-derived is deemed solids, liquids,alkaline gasoline substitutes) unsuitable &/or gases processing, foracid processing, hydrolysis, transport, or steam conversion explosion,to biofuel, or etc.; is otherwise hydrolysis diverted via acid or frombiofuel enzymatic production treatments; many alternate fermentation-based pathways; etc.) Cellulosic n via Bio-alcohols (ethanol, Anycombination of: heat, power, & leaves, Gasification Synthesis gas andbiomass various butanol, etc.); &/or electricity; &/or secondary fuelsor stems, secondary pathways secondary fuels chemicals derived fromprimary bio- branches, products derived (e.g., derived from primaryalcohol products (e.g., ethanol and other from synthesis gaspretreatment bio-alcohol products derived hydrocarbons) biomass that(e.g., synthetic via (e.g., ethanol-derived is deemed natural gas)alkaline gasoline substitutes) unsuitable processing, for acidprocessing, hydrolysis, transport, or steam conversion explosion, tobiofuel, or etc.; is otherwise hydrolysis diverted via acid or frombiofuel enzymatic production treatments; many alternate fermentation-based pathways; etc.) Cellulosic n via Bio-alcohols (ethanol, Anycombination of: heat, power, & leaves, Gasification Heat, power, &/orbiomass various butanol, etc.); &/or electricity; &/or secondary fuelsor stems, & combustion electricity pathways secondary fuels chemicalsderived from primary bio- branches, (e.g., IGCC) (e.g., derived fromprimary alcohol products (e.g., ethanol and other pretreatmentbio-alcohol products derived hydrocarbons) biomass that via (e.g.,ethanol-derived is deemed alkaline gasoline substitutes) unsuitableprocessing, for acid processing, hydrolysis, transport, or steamconversion explosion, to biofuel, or etc.; is otherwise hydrolysisdiverted via acid or from biofuel enzymatic production treatments; manyalternate fermentation- based pathways; etc.) Cellulosic n viaBio-alcohols (ethanol, Any combination of: heat, power, & leaves,Gasification liquid &/or biomass various butanol, etc.); &/orelectricity; &/or secondary fuels or stems, & synthesis of gaseous fuelspathways secondary fuels chemicals derived from primary bio- branches,fuels or (e.g., FT diesel & (e.g., derived from primary alcohol products(e.g., ethanol and other chemicals naphtha; bio- pretreatmentbio-alcohol products derived hydrocarbons) biomass that alcohols, DME,via (e.g., ethanol-derived is deemed etc.) &/or alkaline gasolinesubstitutes) unsuitable chemicals processing, for acid processing,hydrolysis, transport, or steam conversion explosion, to biofuel, oretc.; is otherwise hydrolysis diverted via acid or from biofuelenzymatic production treatments; many alternate fermentation- basedpathways; etc.) Cellulosic n via Bio-alcohols (ethanol, Any combinationof: heat, power, & leaves, Liquefaction solid, liquid, &/or biomassvarious butanol, etc.); &/or electricity; &/or secondary fuels or stems,gaseous fuels pathways secondary fuels chemicals derived from primarybio- branches, &/or chemicals; (e.g., derived from primary alcoholproducts (e.g., ethanol and other secondary pretreatment bio-alcoholproducts derived hydrocarbons) biomass that products derived via (e.g.,ethanol-derived is deemed from primary alkaline gasoline substitutes)unsuitable solid, liquid, and processing, for gaseous products. acidprocessing, hydrolysis, transport, or steam conversion explosion, tobiofuel, or etc.; is otherwise hydrolysis diverted via acid or frombiofuel enzymatic production treatments; many alternate fermentation-based pathways; etc.) Cellulosic n via Bio-alcohols (ethanol, Anycombination of: heat, power, & leaves, Fermentation Bio-alcohols, bio-biomass various butanol, etc.); &/or electricity; &/or secondary fuelsor stems, (by various solids, &/or CO2; pathways secondary fuelschemicals derived from primary bio- branches, technological secondary(e.g., derived from primary alcohol products (e.g., ethanol and otherroutes & products derived pretreatment bio-alcohol products derivedhydrocarbons) biomass that component from primary via (e.g.,ethanol-derived is deemed technologies) products. alkaline gasolinesubstitutes) unsuitable processing, for acid processing, hydrolysis,transport, or steam conversion explosion, to biofuel, or etc.; isotherwise hydrolysis diverted via acid or from biofuel enzymaticproduction treatments; many alternate fermentation- based pathways;etc.) Cellulosic n via Bio-alcohols (ethanol, Any combination of: heat,power, & leaves, Bio-digestion Bio-gas; synthetic biomass variousbutanol, etc.); &/or electricity; &/or secondary fuels or stems, liquids&/or pathways secondary fuels chemicals derived from primary bio-branches, gaseous fuels or (e.g., derived from primary alcohol products(e.g., ethanol and other chemicals derived pretreatment bio-alcoholproducts derived hydrocarbons) biomass that from bio-gas; via (e.g.,ethanol-derived is deemed heat, power, &/or alkaline gasolinesubstitutes) unsuitable electricity processing, for acid processing,hydrolysis, transport, or steam conversion explosion, to biofuel, oretc.; is otherwise hydrolysis diverted via acid or from biofuelenzymatic production treatments; many alternate fermentation- basedpathways; etc.) Cellulosic n via Bio-alcohols (ethanol, Any combinationof: heat, power, & leaves, Solid Phase Sequestered biomass variousbutanol, etc.); &/or electricity; &/or secondary fuels or stems, Biomassbiomass carbon pathways secondary fuels chemicals derived from primarybio- branches, Carbon and secondary (e.g., derived from primary alcoholproducts (e.g., ethanol and other Storage products pretreatmentbio-alcohol products derived hydrocarbons) biomass that subsequendly via(e.g., ethanol-derived is deemed produced alkaline gasoline substitutes)unsuitable processing, for acid processing, hydrolysis, transport, orsteam conversion explosion, to biofuel, or etc.; is otherwise hydrolysisdiverted via acid or from biofuel enzymatic production treatments; manyalternate fermentation- based pathways; etc.) Cellulosic GasificationSynthetic liquid and/or Liquid chemicals (e.g., naphtha) leaves,Comustion Heat, power, &/or biomass & liquid gaseous fuels (e.g., bio-&/or gaseous fuels or chemicals; stems, with coal electricity fuelalcohols, FT liquids, secondary products derived from branches, (coalbiomass synthesis etc.); secondary primary liquid &/or gaseous fuels andother co-fire) in (e.g., products derived from &/or chemicals biomassthat pulvarized alcohol primary liquid and is deemed coal or othersynthesis, gaseous products unsuitable type boiler FT for synthesis,processing, etc.) transport, or conversion to biofuel, or is otherwisediverted from biofuel production Cellulosic Gasification Syntheticliquid and/or Liquid chemicals (e.g., naphtha) leaves, Combustion Heat,power, &/or biomass & liquid gaseous fuels (e.g., bio- &/or gaseousfuels or chemicals; stems, with other electricity fuel alcohols, FTliquids, secondary products derived from branches, bimass in a synthesisetc.); secondary primary liquid &/or gaseous fuels and other biomass(e.g., products derived from &/or chemicals biomass that boiler alcoholprimary liquid and is deemed synthesis, gaseous products unsuitable FTfor synthesis, processing, etc.) transport, or conversion to biofuel, oris otherwise diverted from biofuel production Cellulosic GasificationSynthetic liquid and/or Liquid chemicals (e.g., naphtha) leaves,Combustion Heat, power, &/or biomass & liquid gaseous fuels (e.g., bio-&/or gaseous fuels or chemicals; stems, in a stand electricity fuelalcohols, FT liquids, secondary products derived from branches, aloneboiler synthesis etc.); secondary primary liquid &/or gaseous fuels andother (e.g., products derived from &/or chemicals biomass that alcoholprimary liquid and is deemed synthesis, gaseous products unsuitable FTfor synthesis, processing, etc.) transport, or conversion to biofuel, oris otherwise diverted from biofuel production Cellulosic GasificationSynthetic liquid and/or Liquid chemicals (e.g., naphtha) leaves,Pyrolysis bio-solids (e.g., biomass & liquid gaseous fuels (e.g., bio-&/or gaseous fuels or chemicals; stems, bio-char), bio- fuel alcohols,FT liquids, secondary products derived from branches, liquids (e.g.,bio- synthesis etc.); secondary primary liquid &/or gaseous fuels andother oil), &/or bio- (e.g., products derived from &/or chemicalsbiomass that gases (non- alcohol primary liquid and is deemed condensingsynthesis, gaseous products unsuitable hydrocarbons); FT for fuels orchemicals synthesis, processing, derived from etc.) transport, or solid,liquid, or conversion gaseous primary to biofuel, or products. isotherwise diverted from biofuel production Cellulosic GasificationSynthetic liquid and/or Liquid chemicals (e.g., naphtha) leaves,Torrefaction torrefied biomass; biomass & liquid gaseous fuels (e.g.,bio- &/or gaseous fuels or chemicals; stems, heat, power, &/or fuelalcohols, FT liquids, secondary products derived from branches,electricity synthesis etc.); secondary primary liquid &/or gaseous fuelsand other (e.g., products derived from &/or chemicals biomass thatalcohol primary liquid and is deemed synthesis, gaseous productsunsuitable FT for synthesis, processing, etc.) transport, or conversionto biofuel, or is otherwise diverted from biofuel production CellulosicGasification Synthetic liquid and/or Liquid chemicals (e.g., naphtha)leaves, Carbonization bio-coal, bio- biomass & liquid gaseous fuels(e.g., bio- &/or gaseous fuels or chemicals; stems, liquids, and bio-fuel alcohols, FT liquids, secondary products derived from branches,gases; secondary synthesis etc.); secondary primary liquid &/or gaseousfuels and other products derived (e.g., products derived from &/orchemicals biomass that from primary alcohol primary liquid and is deemedsolid, liquid, and synthesis, gaseous products unsuitable gaseousproducts. FT for synthesis, processing, etc.) transport, or conversionto biofuel, or is otherwise diverted from biofuel production CellulosicGasification Synthetic liquid and/or Liquid chemicals (e.g., naphtha)leaves, Hydro- bio-solids, bio- biomass & liquid gaseous fuels (e.g.,bio- &/or gaseous fuels or chemicals; stems, thermal oils &/or bio- fuelalcohols, FT liquids, secondary products derived from branches,upgrading gases; secondary synthesis etc.); secondary primary liquid&/or gaseous fuels and other products derived (e.g., products derivedfrom &/or chemicals biomass that from primary bio- alcohol primaryliquid and is deemed solids, liquids, synthesis, gaseous productsunsuitable &/or gases FT for synthesis, processing, etc.) transport, orconversion to biofuel, or is otherwise diverted from biofuel productionCellulosic Gasification Synthetic liquid and/or Liquid chemicals (e.g.,naphtha) leaves, Gasification Synthesis gas and biomass & liquid gaseousfuels (e.g., bio- &/or gaseous fuels or chemicals; stems, secondary fuelalcohols, FT liquids, secondary products derived from branches, productsderived synthesis etc.); secondary primary liquid &/or gaseous fuels andother from synthesis gas (e.g., products derived from &/or chemicalsbiomass that (e.g., synthetic alcohol primary liquid and is deemednatural gas) synthesis, gaseous products unsuitable FT for synthesis,processing, etc.) transport, or conversion to biofuel, or is otherwisediverted from biofuel production Cellulosic Gasification Syntheticliquid and/or Liquid chemicals (e.g., naphtha) leaves, GasificationHeat, power, &/or biomass & liquid gaseous fuels (e.g., bio- &/orgaseous fuels or chemicals; stems, & combustion electricity fuelalcohols, FT liquids, secondary products derived from branches, (e.g.,IGCC) synthesis etc.); secondary primary liquid &/or gaseous fuels andother (e.g., products derived from &/or chemicals biomass that alcoholprimary liquid and is deemed synthesis, gaseous products unsuitable FTfor synthesis, processing, etc.) transport, or conversion to biofuel, oris otherwise diverted from biofuel production Cellulosic GasificationSynthetic liquid and/or Liquid chemicals (e.g., naphtha) leaves,Gasification liquid &/or biomass & liquid gaseous fuels (e.g., bio- &/orgaseous fuels or chemicals; stems, & synthesis of gaseous fuels fuelalcohols, FT liquids, secondary products derived from branches, fuels or(e.g., FT diesel & synthesis etc.); secondary primary liquid &/orgaseous fuels and other chemicals naphtha; bio- (e.g., products derivedfrom &/or chemicals biomass that alcohols, DME, alcohol primary liquidand is deemed etc.) &/or synthesis, gaseous products unsuitablechemicals FT for synthesis, processing, etc.) transport, or conversionto biofuel, or is otherwise diverted from biofuel production CellulosicGasification Synthetic liquid and/or Liquid chemicals (e.g., naphtha)leaves, Liquefaction solid, liquid, &/or biomass & liquid gaseous fuels(e.g., bio- &/or gaseous fuels or chemicals; stems, gaseous fuels fuelalcohols, FT liquids, secondary products derived from branches, &/orchemicals; synthesis etc.); secondary primary liquid &/or gaseous fuelsand other secondary (e.g., products derived from &/or chemicals biomassthat products derived alcohol primary liquid and is deemed from primarysynthesis, gaseous products unsuitable solid, liquid, and FT for gaseousproducts. synthesis, processing, etc.) transport, or conversion tobiofuel, or is otherwise diverted from biofuel production CellulosicGasification Synthetic liquid and/or Liquid chemicals (e.g., naphtha)leaves, Fermentation Bio-alcohols, bio- biomass & liquid gaseous fuels(e.g., bio- &/or gaseous fuels or chemicals; stems, (by various solids,&/or CO2; fuel alcohols, FT liquids, secondary products derived frombranches, technological secondary synthesis etc.); secondary primaryliquid &/or gaseous fuels and other routes & products derived (e.g.,products derived from &/or chemicals biomass that component from primaryalcohol primary liquid and is deemed technologies) products. synthesis,gaseous products unsuitable FT for synthesis, processing, etc.)transport, or conversion to biofuel, or is otherwise diverted frombiofuel production Cellulosic Gasification Synthetic liquid and/orLiquid chemicals (e.g., naphtha) leaves, Bio-digestion Bio-gas;synthetic biomass & liquid gaseous fuels (e.g., bio- &/or gaseous fuelsor chemicals; stems, liquids &/or fuel alcohols, FT liquids, secondaryproducts derived from branches, gaseous fuels or synthesis etc.);secondary primary liquid &/or gaseous fuels and other chemicals derived(e.g., products derived from &/or chemicals biomass that from bio-gas;alcohol primary liquid and is deemed heat, power, &/or synthesis,gaseous products unsuitable electricity FT for synthesis, processing,etc.) transport, or conversion to biofuel, or is otherwise diverted frombiofuel production Cellulosic Gasification Synthetic liquid and/orLiquid chemicals (e.g., naphtha) leaves, Solid Phase Sequestered biomass& liquid gaseous fuels (e.g., bio- &/or gaseous fuels or chemicals;stems, Biomass biomass carbon fuel alcohols, FT liquids, secondaryproducts derived from branches, Carbon and secondary synthesis etc.);secondary primary liquid &/or gaseous fuels and other Storage products(e.g., products derived from &/or chemicals biomass that subsequendlyalcohol primary liquid and is deemed produced synthesis, gaseousproducts unsuitable FT for synthesis, processing, etc.) transport, orconversion to biofuel, or is otherwise diverted from biofuel productionCellulosic Liquefaction Bio-oils, &/or bio- Bio-solids (e.g., bio-coal),liquid leaves, Comustion Heat, power, &/or biomass gases (e.g., for CNGchemicals, &/or gaseous fuels &/or stems, with coal electricityvehicles); secondary chemicals; heat, power, &/or branches, (coalbiomass fuels derived from electricity and other co-fire) in primarysolid, liquid, biomass that pulvarized and gaseous products is deemedcoal or other unsuitable type boiler for processing, transport, orconversion to biofuel, or is otherwise diverted from biofuel productionCellulosic Liquefaction Bio-oils, &/or bio- Bio-solids (e.g., bio-coal),liquid leaves, Combustion Heat, power, &/or biomass gases (e.g., for CNGchemicals, &/or gaseous fuels &/or stems, with other electricityvehicles); secondary chemicals; heat, power, &/or branches, bimass in afuels derived from electricity and other biomass primary solid, liquid,biomass that boiler and gaseous products is deemed unsuitable forprocessing, transport, or conversion to biofuel, or is otherwisediverted from biofuel production Cellulosic Liquefaction Bio-oils, &/orbio- Bio-solids (e.g., bio-coal), liquid leaves, Combustion Heat, power,&/or biomass gases (e.g., for CNG chemicals, &/or gaseous fuels &/orstems, in a stand electricity vehicles); secondary chemicals; heat,power, &/or branches, alone boiler fuels derived from electricity andother primary solid, liquid, biomass that and gaseous products is deemedunsuitable for processing, transport, or conversion to biofuel, or isotherwise diverted from biofuel production Cellulosic LiquefactionBio-oils, &/or bio- Bio-solids (e.g., bio-coal), liquid leaves,Pyrolysis bio-solids (e.g., biomass gases (e.g., for CNG chemicals, &/orgaseous fuels &/or stems, bio-char), bio- vehicles); secondarychemicals; heat, power, &/or branches, liquids (e.g., bio- fuels derivedfrom electricity and other oil), &/or bio- primary solid, liquid,biomass that gases (non- and gaseous products is deemed condensingunsuitable hydrocarbons); for fuels or chemicals processing, derivedfrom transport, or solid, liquid, or conversion gaseous primary tobiofuel, or products. is otherwise diverted from biofuel productionCellulosic Liquefaction Bio-oils, &/or bio- Bio-solids (e.g., bio-coal),liquid leaves, Torrefaction torrefied biomass; biomass gases (e.g., forCNG chemicals, &/or gaseous fuels &/or stems, heat, power, &/orvehicles); secondary chemicals; heat, power, &/or branches, electricityfuels derived from electricity and other primary solid, liquid, biomassthat and gaseous products is deemed unsuitable for processing,transport, or conversion to biofuel, or is otherwise diverted frombiofuel production Cellulosic Liquefaction Bio-oils, &/or bio-Bio-solids (e.g., bio-coal), liquid leaves, Carbonization bio-coal, bio-biomass gases (e.g., for CNG chemicals, &/or gaseous fuels &/or stems,liquids, and bio- vehicles); secondary chemicals; heat, power, &/orbranches, gases; secondary fuels derived from electricity and otherproducts derived primary solid, liquid, biomass that from primary andgaseous products is deemed solid, liquid, and unsuitable gaseousproducts. for processing, transport, or conversion to biofuel, or isotherwise diverted from biofuel production Cellulosic LiquefactionBio-oils, &/or bio- Bio-solids (e.g., bio-coal), liquid leaves, Hydro-bio-solids, bio- biomass gases (e.g., for CNG chemicals, &/or gaseousfuels &/or stems, thermal oils &/or bio- vehicles); secondary chemicals;heat, power, &/or branches, upgrading gases; secondary fuels derivedfrom electricity and other products derived primary solid, liquid,biomass that from primary bio- and gaseous products is deemed solids,liquids, unsuitable &/or gases for processing, transport, or conversionto biofuel, or is otherwise diverted from biofuel production CellulosicLiquefaction Bio-oils, &/or bio- Bio-solids (e.g., bio-coal), liquidleaves, Gasification Synthesis gas and biomass gases (e.g., for CNGchemicals, &/or gaseous fuels &/or stems, secondary vehicles); secondarychemicals; heat, power, &/or branches, products derived fuels derivedfrom electricity and other from synthesis gas primary solid, liquid,biomass that (e.g., synthetic and gaseous products is deemed naturalgas) unsuitable for processing, transport, or conversion to biofuel, oris otherwise diverted from biofuel production Cellulosic LiquefactionBio-oils, &/or bio- Bio-solids (e.g., bio-coal), liquid leaves,Gasification Heat, power, &/or biomass gases (e.g., for CNG chemicals,&/or gaseous fuels &/or stems, & combustion electricity vehicles);secondary chemicals; heat, power, &/or branches, (e.g., IGCC) fuelsderived from electricity and other primary solid, liquid, biomass thatand gaseous products is deemed unsuitable for processing, transport, orconversion to biofuel, or is otherwise diverted from biofuel productionCellulosic Liquefaction Bio-oils, &/or bio- Bio-solids (e.g., bio-coal),liquid leaves, Gasification liquid &/or biomass gases (e.g., for CNGchemicals, &/or gaseous fuels &/or stems, & synthesis of gaseous fuelsvehicles); secondary chemicals; heat, power, &/or branches, fuels or(e.g., FT diesel & fuels derived from electricity and other chemicalsnaphtha; bio- primary solid, liquid, biomass that alcohols, DME, andgaseous products is deemed etc.) &/or unsuitable chemicals forprocessing, transport, or conversion to biofuel, or is otherwisediverted from biofuel production Cellulosic Liquefaction Bio-oils, &/orbio- Bio-solids (e.g., bio-coal), liquid leaves, Liquefaction solid,liquid, &/or biomass gases (e.g., for CNG chemicals, &/or gaseous fuels&/or stems, gaseous fuels vehicles); secondary chemicals; heat, power,&/or branches, &/or chemicals; fuels derived from electricity and othersecondary primary solid, liquid, biomass that products derived andgaseous products is deemed from primary unsuitable solid, liquid, andfor gaseous products. processing, transport, or conversion to biofuel,or is otherwise diverted from biofuel production Cellulosic LiquefactionBio-oils, &/or bio- Bio-solids (e.g., bio-coal), liquid leaves,Fermentation Bio-alcohols, bio- biomass gases (e.g., for CNG chemicals,&/or gaseous fuels &/or stems, (by various solids, &/or CO2; vehicles);secondary chemicals; heat, power, &/or branches, technological secondaryfuels derived from electricity and other routes & products derivedprimary solid, liquid, biomass that component from primary and gaseousproducts is deemed technologies) products. unsuitable for processing,transport, or conversion to biofuel, or is otherwise diverted frombiofuel production Cellulosic Liquefaction Bio-oils, &/or bio-Bio-solids (e.g., bio-coal), liquid leaves, Bio-digestion Bio-gas;synthetic biomass gases (e.g., for CNG chemicals, &/or gaseous fuels&/or stems, liquids &/or vehicles); secondary chemicals; heat, power,&/or branches, gaseous fuels or fuels derived from electricity and otherchemicals derived primary solid, liquid, biomass that from bio-gas; andgaseous products is deemed heat, power, &/or unsuitable electricity forprocessing, transport, or conversion to biofuel, or is otherwisediverted from biofuel production Cellulosic Liquefaction Bio-oils, &/orbio- Bio-solids (e.g., bio-coal), liquid leaves, Solid Phase Sequesteredbiomass gases (e.g., for CNG chemicals, &/or gaseous fuels &/or stems,Biomass biomass carbon vehicles); secondary chemicals; heat, power, &/orbranches, Carbon and secondary fuels derived from electricity and otherStorage products primary solid, liquid, biomass that subsequendly andgaseous products is deemed produced unsuitable for processing,transport, or conversion to biofuel, or is otherwise diverted frombiofuel production Cellulosic Hydro- Bio-oils, &/or bio- Bio-solids(e.g., bio-coal), liquid leaves, Comustion Heat, power, &/or biomassthermal gases (e.g., for CNG chemicals, &/or gaseous fuels &/or stems,with coal electricity Upgrading vehicles); secondary chemicals; heat,power, &/or branches, (coal biomass fuels derived from electricity andother co-fire) in primary solid, liquid, biomass that pulvarized andgaseous products is deemed coal or other unsuitable type boiler forprocessing, transport, or conversion to biofuel, or is otherwisediverted from biofuel production Cellulosic Hydro- Bio-oils, &/or bio-Bio-solids (e.g., bio-coal), liquid leaves, Combustion Heat, power, &/orbiomass thermal gases (e.g., for CNG chemicals, &/or gaseous fuels &/orstems, with other electricity Upgrading vehicles); secondary chemicals;heat, power, &/or branches, bimass in a fuels derived from electricityand other biomass primary solid, liquid, biomass that boiler and gaseousproducts is deemed unsuitable for processing, transport, or conversionto biofuel, or is otherwise diverted from biofuel production CellulosicHydro- Bio-oils, &/or bio- Bio-solids (e.g., bio-coal), liquid leaves,Combustion Heat, power, &/or biomass thermal gases (e.g., for CNGchemicals, &/or gaseous fuels &/or stems, in a stand electricityUpgrading vehicles); secondary chemicals; heat, power, &/or branches,alone boiler fuels derived from electricity and other primary solid,liquid, biomass that and gaseous products is deemed unsuitable forprocessing, transport, or conversion to biofuel, or is otherwisediverted from biofuel production Cellulosic Hydro- Bio-oils, &/or bio-Bio-solids (e.g., bio-coal), liquid leaves, Pyrolysis bio-solids (e.g.,biomass thermal gases (e.g., for CNG chemicals, &/or gaseous fuels &/orstems, bio-char), bio- Upgrading vehicles); secondary chemicals; heat,power, &/or branches, liquids (e.g., bio- fuels derived from electricityand other oil), &/or bio- primary solid, liquid, biomass that gases(non- and gaseous products is deemed condensing unsuitablehydrocarbons); for fuels or chemicals processing, derived fromtransport, or solid, liquid, or conversion gaseous primary to biofuel,or products. is otherwise diverted from biofuel production CellulosicHydro- Bio-oils, &/or bio- Bio-solids (e.g., bio-coal), liquid leaves,Torrefaction torrefied biomass; biomass thermal gases (e.g., for CNGchemicals, &/or gaseous fuels &/or stems, heat, power, &/or Upgradingvehicles); secondary chemicals; heat, power, &/or branches, electricityfuels derived from electricity and other primary solid, liquid, biomassthat and gaseous products is deemed unsuitable for processing,transport, or conversion to biofuel, or is otherwise diverted frombiofuel production Cellulosic Hydro- Bio-oils, &/or bio- Bio-solids(e.g., bio-coal), liquid leaves, Carbonization bio-coal, bio- biomassthermal gases (e.g., for CNG chemicals, &/or gaseous fuels &/or stems,liquids, and bio- Upgrading vehicles); secondary chemicals; heat, power,&/or branches, gases; secondary fuels derived from electricity and otherproducts derived primary solid, liquid, biomass that from primary andgaseous products is deemed solid, liquid, and unsuitable gaseousproducts. for processing, transport, or conversion to biofuel, or isotherwise diverted from biofuel production Cellulosic Hydro- Bio-oils,&/or bio- Bio-solids (e.g., bio-coal), liquid leaves, Hydro- bio-solids,bio- biomass thermal gases (e.g., for CNG chemicals, &/or gaseous fuels&/or stems, thermal oils &/or bio- Upgrading vehicles); secondarychemicals; heat, power, &/or branches, upgrading gases; secondary fuelsderived from electricity and other products derived primary solid,liquid, biomass that from primary bio- and gaseous products is deemedsolids, liquids, unsuitable &/or gases for processing, transport, orconversion to biofuel, or is otherwise diverted from biofuel productionCellulosic Hydro- Bio-oils, &/or bio- Bio-solids (e.g., bio-coal),liquid leaves, Gasification Synthesis gas and biomass thermal gases(e.g., for CNG chemicals, &/or gaseous fuels &/or stems, secondaryUpgrading vehicles); secondary chemicals; heat, power, &/or branches,products derived fuels derived from electricity and other from synthesisgas primary solid, liquid, biomass that (e.g., synthetic and gaseousproducts is deemed natural gas) unsuitable for processing, transport, orconversion to biofuel, or is otherwise diverted from biofuel productionCellulosic Hydro- Bio-oils, &/or bio- Bio-solids (e.g., bio-coal),liquid leaves, Gasification Heat, power, &/or biomass thermal gases(e.g., for CNG chemicals, &/or gaseous fuels &/or stems, & combustionelectricity Upgrading vehicles); secondary chemicals; heat, power, &/orbranches, (e.g., IGCC) fuels derived from electricity and other primarysolid, liquid, biomass that and gaseous products is deemed unsuitablefor processing, transport, or conversion to biofuel, or is otherwisediverted from biofuel production Cellulosic Hydro- Bio-oils, &/or bio-Bio-solids (e.g., bio-coal), liquid leaves, Gasification liquid &/orbiomass thermal gases (e.g., for CNG chemicals, &/or gaseous fuels &/orstems, & synthesis of gaseous fuels Upgrading vehicles); secondarychemicals; heat, power, &/or branches, fuels or (e.g., FT diesel & fuelsderived from electricity and other chemicals naphtha; bio- primarysolid, liquid, biomass that alcohols, DME, and gaseous products isdeemed etc.) &/or unsuitable chemicals for processing, transport, orconversion to biofuel, or is otherwise diverted from biofuel productionCellulosic Hydro- Bio-oils, &/or bio- Bio-solids (e.g., bio-coal),liquid leaves, Liquefaction solid, liquid, &/or biomass thermal gases(e.g., for CNG chemicals, &/or gaseous fuels &/or stems, gaseous fuelsUpgrading vehicles); secondary chemicals; heat, power, &/or branches,&/or chemicals; fuels derived from electricity and other secondaryprimary solid, liquid, biomass that products derived and gaseousproducts is deemed from primary unsuitable solid, liquid, and forgaseous products. processing, transport, or conversion to biofuel, or isotherwise diverted from biofuel production Cellulosic Hydro- Bio-oils,&/or bio- Bio-solids (e.g., bio-coal), liquid leaves, FermentationBio-alcohols, bio- biomass thermal gases (e.g., for CNG chemicals, &/orgaseous fuels &/or stems, (by various solids, &/or CO2; Upgradingvehicles); secondary chemicals; heat, power, &/or branches,technological secondary fuels derived from electricity and other routes& products derived primary solid, liquid, biomass that component fromprimary and gaseous products is deemed technologies) products.unsuitable for processing, transport, or conversion to biofuel, or isotherwise diverted from biofuel production Cellulosic Hydro- Bio-oils,&/or bio- Bio-solids (e.g., bio-coal), liquid leaves, Bio-digestionBio-gas; synthetic biomass thermal gases (e.g., for CNG chemicals, &/orgaseous fuels &/or stems, liquids &/or Upgrading vehicles); secondarychemicals; heat, power, &/or branches, gaseous fuels or fuels derivedfrom electricity and other chemicals derived primary solid, liquid,biomass that from bio-gas; and gaseous products is deemed heat, power,&/or unsuitable electricity for processing, transport, or conversion tobiofuel, or is otherwise diverted from biofuel production CellulosicHydro- Bio-oils, &/or bio- Bio-solids (e.g., bio-coal), liquid leaves,Solid Phase Sequestered biomass thermal gases (e.g., for CNG chemicals,&/or gaseous fuels &/or stems, Biomass biomass carbon Upgradingvehicles); secondary chemicals; heat, power, &/or branches, Carbon andsecondary fuels derived from electricity and other Storage productsprimary solid, liquid, biomass that subsequendly and gaseous products isdeemed produced unsuitable for processing, transport, or conversion tobiofuel, or is otherwise diverted from biofuel production CellulosicPyrolysis Bio-oils, &/or bio- Bio-solids (e.g., bio-char), liquid orleaves, Comustion Heat, power, &/or biomass gases (e.g., for CNG gaseousfuels &/or chemicals (e.g., stems, with coal electricity vehicles);secondary hydrogen, methane, etc.); solid, branches, (coal biomass fuelsderived from liquid &/or gaseous fuels &/or and other co-fire) inprimary solid, liquid, chemicals; heat, power, &/or biomass thatpulvarized and gaseous products electricity is deemed coal or otherunsuitable type boiler for processing, transport, or conversion tobiofuel, or is otherwise diverted from biofuel production CellulosicPyrolysis Bio-oils, &/or bio- Bio-solids (e.g., bio-char), liquid orleaves, Combustion Heat, power, &/or biomass gases (e.g., for CNGgaseous fuels &/or chemicals (e.g., stems, with other electricityvehicles); secondary hydrogen, methane, etc.); solid, branches, bimassin a fuels derived from liquid &/or gaseous fuels &/or and other biomassprimary solid, liquid, chemicals; heat, power, &/or biomass that boilerand gaseous products electricity is deemed unsuitable for processing,transport, or conversion to biofuel, or is otherwise diverted frombiofuel production Cellulosic Pyrolysis Bio-oils, &/or bio- Bio-solids(e.g., bio-char), liquid or leaves, Combustion Heat, power, &/or biomassgases (e.g., for CNG gaseous fuels &/or chemicals (e.g., stems, in astand electricity vehicles); secondary hydrogen, methane, etc.); solid,branches, alone boiler fuels derived from liquid &/or gaseous fuels &/orand other primary solid, liquid, chemicals; heat, power, &/or biomassthat and gaseous products electricity is deemed unsuitable forprocessing, transport, or conversion to biofuel, or is otherwisediverted from biofuel production Cellulosic Pyrolysis Bio-oils, &/orbio- Bio-solids (e.g., bio-char), liquid or leaves, Pyrolysis bio-solids(e.g., biomass gases (e.g., for CNG gaseous fuels &/or chemicals (e.g.,stems, bio-char), bio- vehicles); secondary hydrogen, methane, etc.);solid, branches, liquids (e.g., bio- fuels derived from liquid &/orgaseous fuels &/or and other oil), &/or bio- primary solid, liquid,chemicals; heat, power, &/or biomass that gases (non- and gaseousproducts electricity is deemed condensing unsuitable hydrocarbons); forfuels or chemicals processing, derived from transport, or solid, liquid,or conversion gaseous primary to biofuel, or products. is otherwisediverted from biofuel production Cellulosic Pyrolysis Bio-oils, &/orbio- Bio-solids (e.g., bio-char), liquid or leaves, Torrefactiontorrefied biomass; biomass gases (e.g., for CNG gaseous fuels &/orchemicals (e.g., stems, heat, power, &/or vehicles); secondary hydrogen,methane, etc.); solid, branches, electricity fuels derived from liquid&/or gaseous fuels &/or and other primary solid, liquid, chemicals;heat, power, &/or biomass that and gaseous products electricity isdeemed unsuitable for processing, transport, or conversion to biofuel,or is otherwise diverted from biofuel production Cellulosic PyrolysisBio-oils, &/or bio- Bio-solids (e.g., bio-char), liquid or leaves,Carbonization bio-coal, bio- biomass gases (e.g., for CNG gaseous fuels&/or chemicals (e.g., stems, liquids, and bio- vehicles); secondaryhydrogen, methane, etc.); solid, branches, gases; secondary fuelsderived from liquid &/or gaseous fuels &/or and other products derivedprimary solid, liquid, chemicals; heat, power, &/or biomass that fromprimary and gaseous products electricity is deemed solid, liquid, andunsuitable gaseous products. for processing, transport, or conversion tobiofuel, or is otherwise diverted from biofuel production CellulosicPyrolysis Bio-oils, &/or bio- Bio-solids (e.g., bio-char), liquid orleaves, Hydro- bio-solids, bio- biomass gases (e.g., for CNG gaseousfuels &/or chemicals (e.g., stems, thermal oils &/or bio- vehicles);secondary hydrogen, methane, etc.); solid, branches, upgrading gases;secondary fuels derived from liquid &/or gaseous fuels &/or and otherproducts derived primary solid, liquid, chemicals; heat, power, &/orbiomass that from primary bio- and gaseous products electricity isdeemed solids, liquids, unsuitable &/or gases for processing, transport,or conversion to biofuel, or is otherwise diverted from biofuelproduction Cellulosic Pyrolysis Bio-oils, &/or bio- Bio-solids (e.g.,bio-char), liquid or leaves, Gasification Synthesis gas and biomassgases (e.g., for CNG gaseous fuels &/or chemicals (e.g., stems,secondary vehicles); secondary hydrogen, methane, etc.); solid,branches, products derived fuels derived from liquid &/or gaseous fuels&/or and other from synthesis gas primary solid, liquid, chemicals;heat, power, &/or biomass that (e.g., synthetic and gaseous productselectricity is deemed natural gas) unsuitable for processing, transport,or conversion to biofuel, or is otherwise diverted from biofuelproduction Cellulosic Pyrolysis Bio-oils, &/or bio- Bio-solids (e.g.,bio-char), liquid or leaves, Gasification Heat, power, &/or biomassgases (e.g., for CNG gaseous fuels &/or chemicals (e.g., stems, &combustion electricity vehicles); secondary hydrogen, methane, etc.);solid, branches, (e.g., IGCC) fuels derived from liquid &/or gaseousfuels &/or and other primary solid, liquid, chemicals; heat, power, &/orbiomass that and gaseous products electricity is deemed unsuitable forprocessing, transport, or conversion to biofuel, or is otherwisediverted from biofuel production Cellulosic Pyrolysis Bio-oils, &/orbio- Bio-solids (e.g., bio-char), liquid or leaves, Gasification liquid&/or biomass gases (e.g., for CNG gaseous fuels &/or chemicals (e.g.,stems, & synthesis of gaseous fuels vehicles); secondary hydrogen,methane, etc.); solid, branches, fuels or (e.g., FT diesel & fuelsderived from liquid &/or gaseous fuels &/or and other chemicals naphtha;bio- primary solid, liquid, chemicals; heat, power, &/or biomass thatalcohols, DME, and gaseous products electricity is deemed etc.) &/orunsuitable chemicals for processing, transport, or conversion tobiofuel, or is otherwise diverted from biofuel production CellulosicPyrolysis Bio-oils, &/or bio- Bio-solids (e.g., bio-char), liquid orleaves, Liquefaction solid, liquid, &/or biomass gases (e.g., for CNGgaseous fuels &/or chemicals (e.g., stems, gaseous fuels vehicles);secondary hydrogen, methane, etc.); solid, branches, &/or chemicals;fuels derived from liquid &/or gaseous fuels &/or and other secondaryprimary solid, liquid, chemicals; heat, power, &/or biomass thatproducts derived and gaseous products electricity is deemed from primaryunsuitable solid, liquid, and for gaseous products. processing,transport, or conversion to biofuel, or is otherwise diverted frombiofuel production Cellulosic Pyrolysis Bio-oils, &/or bio- Bio-solids(e.g., bio-char), liquid or leaves, Fermentation Bio-alcohols, bio-biomass gases (e.g., for CNG gaseous fuels &/or chemicals (e.g., stems,(by various solids, &/or CO2; vehicles); secondary hydrogen, methane,etc.); solid, branches, technological secondary fuels derived fromliquid &/or gaseous fuels &/or and other routes & products derivedprimary solid, liquid, chemicals; heat, power, &/or biomass thatcomponent from primary and gaseous products electricity is deemedtechnologies) products. unsuitable for processing, transport, orconversion to biofuel, or is otherwise diverted from biofuel productionCellulosic Pyrolysis Bio-oils, &/or bio- Bio-solids (e.g., bio-char),liquid or leaves, Bio-digestion Bio-gas; synthetic biomass gases (e.g.,for CNG gaseous fuels &/or chemicals (e.g., stems, liquids &/orvehicles); secondary hydrogen, methane, etc.); solid, branches, gaseousfuels or fuels derived from liquid &/or gaseous fuels &/or and otherchemicals derived primary solid, liquid, chemicals; heat, power, &/orbiomass that from bio-gas; and gaseous products electricity is deemedheat, power, &/or unsuitable electricity for processing, transport, orconversion to biofuel, or is otherwise diverted from biofuel productionCellulosic Pyrolysis Bio-oils, &/or bio- Bio-solids (e.g., bio-char),liquid or leaves, Solid Phase Sequestered biomass gases (e.g., for CNGgaseous fuels &/or chemicals (e.g., stems, Biomass biomass carbonvehicles); secondary hydrogen, methane, etc.); solid, branches, Carbonand secondary fuels derived from liquid &/or gaseous fuels &/or andother Storage products primary solid, liquid, chemicals; heat, power,&/or biomass that subsequendly and gaseous products electricity isdeemed produced unsuitable for processing, transport, or conversion tobiofuel, or is otherwise diverted from biofuel production

1. A computerized method of using a data processor having a memory toaccount for carbon flows and determine a regulatory value for a biofuel,the method comprising: storing, in memory, a first set of one or morecarbon flow values characterizing the production and use of a biofuelderived from a first fraction of an agricultural biomass; storing, inmemory, a second set of one or more carbon flow values characterizingthe production and use of a co-product from a second fraction of theagricultural biomass, wherein the second fraction comprises anagricultural residue and wherein the co-product mitigates anthropogenicgreenhouse gas emission; and calculating, using the data processor, aregulatory value for the biofuel from the first and second sets ofcarbon flow values. atmosphere.